Measuring Student Achievement A Study of Standardized Testing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 867 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Management Essay Level High school Topics: Standardized Testing Essay Did you like this example? Students can have a sense of achievement after daunting tasks, such as standardized tests. In order to ensure that all students have the same opportunity to have a sense of achievement the No Child Left Behind Act was enacted in 2002. The No Child Left Behind Act supports the idea, students with disabilities generally have to be included in school accountability measures meaning they must be tested and schools are judged on those test results (Rhee). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Measuring Student Achievement: A Study of Standardized Testing" essay for you Create order The No Child Left Behind Act means that all students must be tested in english and math before the students can be sent to the next grade level, therefore all students are given these tests. Afterwards students will either feel accomplished or defeated by the test. However the National Council of Churches Committee on Public Education and Literacy envisioned that standardized testing is geared toward students without learning disabilities, as the students in special education will have increased difficulty completing the test. This would be analogous to needing to pass a test for a specific class, but not being given the resources or opportunity to successfully complete it. Even though this act is set to be for all students many are still excluded. A better overall assessment of the student is GPA over standardized tests. GPA is more comprehensive of the successes the student had over multiple years rather than just one test date. There is little correlation linked between student success in higher education and how well a student performed on standardized tests which is eminent in a study UC Berkeley conducted. The study looked at all 80,000 students in the California university system, and found that when admission was based on, high school GPA is consistently the strongest predictor of 4-year college outcomes for all academic disciplines, campuses and freshman cohorts in the UC sample (Geiser). This 2007 experiment was looking for the success rate in 4 years of college and compared it to their success in high school. Overall, students that did well on a day to day basis in the classroom had a higher success rate than the ones who only did exceptionally well on standardized tests. Tests are not indicators of ones ability to use skills that are practiced in the classroom, such as creativity, motivati on and self-discipline. When moving into higher education or the workforce there must be a knowledge of more than just academics, but how to operate in society. Skills adapted outside of the classroom are just as important. Colleges and universities look for students coming into college with more than just academic skill. Being a member of society allows students to be well rounded and gives students an opportunity to work of leadership skills, communication and real world scenarios. A Dean of Admissions for Bates College William Hiss has found: evidence that someone has interests that they have brought to a higher level, from a soccer goalie to a debtor to a servant in a community to a linguist. We need to see evidence that the student can bring something to a high level of skill (Sheffer). In order to flourish in higher education or the workforce there must be knowledge and skill in different scenarios than just a school setting. Standardized testing blindly yields students as to whether or not they are college ready, but the scores are not comprehensive enough to capture other successes in high school. Additionally, even though GPA is an important indicator in the college application process anothe r important criteria are experiences and takeaways that can eventually be used in the workplace. A student that lacks common sense and the ability to learn or cooperate does not have the maturity to be sent to college or the workforce, and a test score does not have the ability to represent that either. As for teachers, they take time to study for standardized tests which could be spent on working on other skill sets. Math and english are incredibly important to be taught in schools because these subject areas are widely used outside of school. However, using time that could be spent on learning science or social studies becomes counterproductive. It is important to show up on exam day prepared, but preparing for standardized testing has the potential to take up class time that should be filled with other studies. In elementary and middle schools, standardized tests can hamper the longevity of the careers of teachers. In New York City, last year, pass rates on the reading exam dropped to 42% from 69% the previous year and to 54% from 82% in math. The city has already decided to close a record 27 schools this year because of poor performance (Kolodner). The drastic drop in student performance can cause students and teachers to feel more pressure to do well, thus taking more time out of class to prepare. Later on, a teacher came out to say that his third grade class had been spending 2.5 hours a day on preparing (Kolodner). Not only are teachers jobs on the line if students do not do well, but the students feel responsible. Overall, testing at any age or grade level creates unneeded stress and wasted time. In order to prevent this from happening less emphasis must be put on testing.

Adler s Theory Of Personality - 1887 Words

First of all, Adler’s theory believes that personality is formed during the first five years of life (Adler, A.,1927). By this age a child develops his/her style of life, and it is critical in his/her personality development. The narrator experiences â€Å"neglect† during these periods: And after some work with a colored pencil I succeeded in making my first drawing. My Drawing Number One. I showed my masterpiece to the grown-ups, and asked them whether the drawing frightened them. But they answered: Frighten? Why should anyone be frightened by a hat? My drawing was not a picture of a hat. It was a picture of a boa constrictor digesting an elephant. But since the grown-ups were not able to understand it, I made another drawing: I drew the inside of the boa constrictor, so that the grown-ups could see it clearly. They always need to have things explained. The grown-ups response, this time, was to advise me to lay aside my drawings of boa constrictors, whether from the inside or the outside, and devote myself instead to geography, history, arithmetic and grammar. That is why, at the age of six, I gave up what might have been a magnificent career as a painter. I had been disheartened by the failure of my Drawing Number One and my Drawing Number Two. Grown-ups never un derstand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them (de Saint-Exupà ©ry, A., 1999). According to Adler’s theory, neglect is critical in a child’sShow MoreRelatedThe Personality Theory Of Adler s Individual Psychology Theory1436 Words   |  6 PagesI. Theory Description The personality theory that I have chosen as best identifying with my personality and beliefs is Adler’s Individual Psychology theory (Friedman Schustack, 2012). Adler based his theory on the belief that individuals placed varying degrees of importance in different aspects of social and individual motivations such as an ideal goal. He used the term finalism to describe his idea that individuals all have an ultimate goal that they strive to become. The goal is subjective toRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Psychology1019 Words   |  5 Pagesnot like you at all? It’s ironic how a person personality is shaped. Personality is included in basically everyday life. Personality defines a person. Personality is like a big stew mixed with emotions, behaviors, and patterns of thought that truly define a person. Personality Psychology is the study of these different patterns among a group of people or culture. The studies of psychology started from Hippocrates’ theory that argues that personality traits are based on four different sections. ThisRead MorePsychoanalytic Personality Assessment1107 Words   |  4 PagesPsychoanalytic personality assessment Introduction The psychoanalytic view states that there exist inner forces outside a persons awareness, which direct the persons behavior. Modern psychology has been impacted greatly by the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler. These three psychoanalysts proposed many concepts and their theories are still been attempted. Their human mind theories changed the world. The three believed that in personality shaping childhood development and parentingRead MoreAlfred Adler s Life And Life1433 Words   |  6 PagesAlfred Adler was born on February 7, 1897 in the suburbs of Vienna. Adler had two series conditions to as a child that motivated him to be a doctor, by the age of five he had survived rickets and pneumonia. In 1895 he received his medical degree from the University of Vienna, he began his medical career as a ophthalmologist. Adler examined personality and soon rejected Freud s emphasis on sex and believed personality difficulties deal with a feeling of inferiority coming from res trictions on theRead MoreA Summary On Adlerian Theory1302 Words   |  6 PagesAdlerian Theory Todd Overstreet Liberty University Abstract Adlerian theory, which is named after the famous psychotherapist Alfred Adler, is used mainly to give emphasis to birth order, theories relating to inferiority and superiority, individual life styles, and social interests as the main workings of personality. In Adlerian theory, mental well-being is decided by the degree of social contribution that is helpful to the greater community to the extent that one incorporates and advancesRead MorePsychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology Theories Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual Psychology Theories When the word classical is used, images of things developed long ago with their traditional styles and ideas come to mind. They are perceived today as outdated and not as effective. Classical models of psychotherapy although deemed outdated, still have relevance in today’s practice of understanding human behavior. Psychotherapy is a science and art that was established back in the 1800’s with its own style and ideas. Classical models of psychoanalytic theory include psychoanalyticRead MoreThe Psychoanalytic Theories Of Freud s Theory1269 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality is what makes people who they are. Some people have different personalities others have very similar personalities; but nobody’s personality is exactly the same. In the past many people have tried to understand personality and explain it through theories. This paper, will discuss the differences between the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler. It will then sho w the characteristics of which I agree with as well as the characteristics that I disagree withRead MoreResource File and Personal Theory Paper904 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Resource File and Personal Theory Paper Name CJHS/400 Date Teacher Resource File and Personal Theory Paper Resource File â€Å"Psychotherapy is a process that focuses on helping you heal and learn more adaptive ways to deal with the problems or issues within your life. It can also be a supportive process when going through a difficult period or under increase stress such as starting a new career or going through a divorce. GenerallyRead MoreInterview With The Personality Theorist1318 Words   |  6 PagesMocked Interviews The purpose of this assignment is to prepare a transcript for a mocked interview with four personality theorist. The four personality theorists included in this interview are; Horney, Erikson, Jung, and Adler. In this mocked interview, one will pretend to ask each theorist a combination of questions about the viewpoints of Sigmund Freud, and his daughter, Anna Freud. In addition, each theorist will explain what impact they believe their work has had on psychology as they see itRead MoreSummary Of The Grinch 1712 Words   |  7 Pageseverything he stole. He apologizes to all the citizens for stealing and joins them in celebrating. Martha rejects Augustus’s proposal and tells the Grinch her heart belongs to him. (Howard Grazer. 2000) Personality Theorists Roger Carl Rogers crafted a person-centered theory of personality. He was big on client-centered therapy and held two basic assumptions about people. They are: â€Å"(1) the formative tendency that states that all matter, both organic and inorganic, tends to evolve from simpler

Apply Digital Solution to Work Processes

Question: Discuss about theApply Digital Solution to Work Processes. Answer: Types of Intellectual Property and Examples of each When one speaks of intellectual property, it refers to an entity using their own or combined ideas and knowledge to develop something which is supposed to be new and authentic. There are various kinds of intellectual properties present in Australia- Patents are rights which are created by law in relation to a substance, method, device or a process. The requirements for a creation to be registered as patent are that it should be novel, ready for usage and involves innovativeness (Bentley and Sherman, 2014). Examples of products that are usually patented in Australia are medical equipments, inventions in software, electrical devices etc. If there is any novel process or equipment which the company wishes to protect, they can patent it. Trademarks provide methods to identify a product or service which is unique. It helps customers to differentiate a particular business from others (Greenhalgh and Rogers, 2010). A trademark is often understood as a brand which assists the customer to identify the quality of the product. It can be a logo, signature, style of packaging, picture, smell, shape etc. With the help of a trademark, the company can safeguard their logos from infringement. Designs show the way a product looks the way it does. They include aspects like content, shape, pattern and intricacies. Examples of designs include design of currencies, medals etc. Copyright refer to concepts and ideas which are creative in nature. These ideas are documented through electronic ways. The ideas should be original. Examples of copyrights include academic journals, computer programs, art etc. With the help of copyrights, a company can safeguard the original ideas of their employees (Ricketson et al., 2012). Geographical indications recognise a product which comes out from a particular region, territory. The product derives a quality and feature owing to its geographical origin. Examples include Australian wine. Australian Patent, Design and Trademark Databases to be Searched to Ensure Ideas are novel and does not Infringe others Rights With relation to patents, Australia has its own patent search system known as the AusPat. They serve as a very reliable and non exhaustive search system with relation to data on patents. It provides a free patent search tool for gathering information pertaining to Australian patents. This particular database on the full text searching was first released in the month of December of 2010. The database was already having 50% of its complete collections. There is a service called as the eDossier which gives the customers accessibility to a range of documents with relation to suits on patent applications (Moir and Palombi, 2013). Prior to the application for a trademark, proper search needs to be done to ensure that there are no existences of similar trademarks which are either registered or are pending for registration. The Australian Government has their search engine in relation to trademark searches known as Australian Trademark Online Search System (ATMOSS). Other than this search engine there are other things to be done (Clarke et al., 2011). Trademark classification search helps the individual or organisation to determine the class into which their particular product or service falls into and if other people are using similar trademarks in that class. With respect to designs, the Australian government have their particular designs database known as the AU Designs Data Searching which provides updated information on design registration and application present from the year 1986 (Lee and Sunder, 2014). List of Intellectual Property Rights which can be Used as a Part of the Infringement Strategy If the individual holds a patent to a process or invention and the person finds out that the patent is being copied and used without the persons perusal, certain strategy should be followed. The person can appoint a patents lawyer and send a letter of warning to the person infringing the patent. The person can opt to settle the issue through out of court settlement. The person can eventually sue the infringer in the court (Harris et al., 2013). This is completely dependent on what result the aggrieved person seeks. In case of trademarks, the person holding the trademark can display the symbol to show that the trademark has been registered. The person should update the details pertaining to address prior to the renewal of the trademark. The person has the right to oppose the registration of another trademark if he suspects it to infringe his own (Lemley, 2012). In case of designs, the person has to first get his design examined and should obtain a certificate of examination. Once the design is proved to be valid, the person is provided rights. If the person suspects the design to be infringed he should hire an IP professional. He can ask for a hearing proceeding to contest the right of the infringing party. Acts and Regulations Administered with Respect to Australian Intellectual Property With respect to patents there are certain Acts and regulations that are present. The Patents Act 1990 (Cth) (Patents Act) gives the present legal structure which governs the aspects of granting and administering of the patents applied in Australia (Nielsen et al., 2010). The Patents Regulations 1991 helps in administering of patents, outlines the functions and powers of the Commissioner of patents. For trademarks the main legislations and regulations are the Trademarks Act 1995 and the Trademarks Regulations 1995. These legislations speak about administration of trademarks. They also outline the powers and functions of the Registrar of trademarks (Bouchoux, 2012). The Copyright Act 1968 and the Copyright Amendment Act 2006 list the major provisions pertaining to administration of copyrights. The Designs Act 2003 and the Designs Regulations 2004 outlines the structure for the grant and administration of designs including industrial designs in Australia. References Bently, L. and Sherman, B., (2014).Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Bouchoux, D.E., (2012).Intellectual property: The law of trademarks, copyrights, patents, and trade secrets. Cengage Learning. Clarke, M., Seng, D. and Whiting, R.H., (2011). Intellectual capital and firm performance in Australia.Journal of Intellectual Capital,12(4), pp.505-530. Greenhalgh, C. and Rogers, M., (2010).Innovation, intellectual property, and economic growth. Princeton University Press. Harris, T., Nicol, D. and Gruen, N., (2013). Pharmaceutical Patents Review. Lee, P. and Sunder, M., (2014). Design patents: law without design. Lemley, M.A., (2012). Intellectual property and shrinkwrap licenses. Moir, H.V. and Palombi, L., (2013). Patents and Trademarks: empirical evidence on'evergreening'from Australia. Nielsen, T.D., Cruickshank, C., Foged, S., Thorsen, J. and Krebs, F.C., (2010). Business, market and intellectual property analysis of polymer solar cells.Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,94(10), pp.1553-1571. Ricketson, S., Richardson, M. and Davison, M., (2012).Intellectual property: cases, materials and commentary. LexisNexis Butterworths.

To what extent had the NEP achieved its objectives by 1924 Essay Example

To what extent had the NEP achieved its objectives by 1924 Essay There were many origins of the NEP one being the increasing lack of food and the need to produce more. The Kronstadt revolt of 1921 displayed to Lenin that the loyal supporters that they did have were revolting and showing a lack of support. This was serious as they had few followers anyway. The tamber uprisings also showed that people especially the peasants were unhappy and this needed to change in order for Lenin to keep power. One of the objectives of the NEP was to keep the peasants happy, as they needed them for the industrialisation process that was needed in Russia before a true communist state can be formed.The NEP was crucial in order to keep the system alive as Lenin had already seen many of their true followers going against the system due to the fact that they were unhappy with it. Lenin wished to achieve Symchka that was a hope that the changes that were made by the NEP would bring about a bond between the peasants and the industrial workers. Lenin also wished that a sh ift of the peasants to the proletarian class would also occur. Lenin also had a desire of solving the issue that there was a devalue of money by introducing a new rouble and in doing so hopefully making Russia more industrialised. There were many divisions present in the communist party and Lenin believed that the implementation of the NEP would convince those who believed that the NEP was a betrayal of socialist principles1.In order to analysis if the NEP had achieved these objectives the circumstances in Russia before this policy was implemented must be taken into consideration. Before the policy of NEP was introduced the policy of war communism was around. This was when there was a ban on private trade, nationalisation of industries, labour disciple, growth requisitioning and rationing. Although this allowed the lowest of the peasants to get new houses and be better off and some factories stayed open due to nationalisation, which ensured jobs, overall it left Russia in an awful s tate. There were food shortages, people always queuing up for food, fuel etc, corruption of some of the Bolsheviks members; an increase in prostitutes a big wave of emigration. There are many more atrocities that war communism had left Russia to deal with. This left The NEP working from a very low base.By 1922, the results of the NEP were better than anybody expected the grain harvest and pig iron production levels regained or surpassed their pre 1914 levels. In some areas the ravages of famine remained but on the whole agriculture began to meet the needs of the people and then the industries began to produce the goods required by an expanding market. These high levels that were found in agriculture shows success of the NEP and that Lenin had attempted to solve the problem of such riots as the Kronstadt revolt in order to keep the peasants happy.With Grain harvest going from 37.6 million tons in 1921 to 72.5 million tons in 1925 would have proven the peasants to be happier as under the key features of the NEP the peasants were allowed to sell the surplus that they gained. This would have created a better life style for the peasants than they were used to. Other things such as the Cheka were abolished for being unpopular and were replaced by the GPU (state political administration). Policies such as Bukharins order to enrich yourselves were taken up enthusiastically. The peasants were give tenure of their land and were allowed to hire labour and rent land. The land under cultivation increased by 50% and between 1921 and 1927 the numbers of livestock also increased. These examples of Lenins attempted to keep the peasants happier so that they will be more willing to support the1. The rise and fall of the Soviet Union.Party do that the party can remain in control. .This was a success, as the peasants did seem to be more pleased with the party.One of the NEPs objectives was to make Russia more industrialised in order to move on to the final stage, which is a true c ommunist state. Taking into consideration that the NEP was working from a very low base this can be seen as a success as widespread electrification was introduced, transport and communication also slowly improved as it was helped by the importation of over 1000 new engines from Germany and Sweden. This new equipment showed that Lenin was prepared for heavy industrialisation. Russia had become more industrialised as Steel increased from 183 thousand tons in 1921 to 3,141 thousand tons in 1926 this is an increase of 2,958 thousand tons. This shows that an attempt at industrialisation was a success.Through the NEP allowing the introduction of money being allowed this encouraged production levels to increase. This shows that Lenin stabilised the economy by giving the peasants purchasing power. This shows that the NEP achieved one of its objectives by attempting to solve the problem that money was devalued.Lenin wanted to prove to the other members of the party that might have had doubts that they were still holding onto socialist principles and were not abandoning the Marxist ideology. This was achieved by 1923 well over 85% of firms were in private hands with the remainder being in the hands of the government but the government employed over 80% of the workers. The state also tightened control over banking, credit facilities, transport, foreign trade, a lot of large scale domestic enterprises and large scale heavy industries. This displays that the communist party still had control over the people.Although this showed that Lenin was sticking to communist ideas the introduction of the NEP further generated ideals that were against the very ethos of communism such as greed, self-interest, independence and exploitation. With official sanction thousands of little traders, which were to be called the nepmen, began to organise and develop an internal market. This made the people dependant on the black market. As a consequence of this and the fact that the peasants were able to sell their surplus created another class of richer peasants that were the kulaks. This goes against communist ideas and also shows a failure of one of the objectives of the NEP that the peasants would move to the proletarian class because a new class of peasants emerged this was prevented through them oppressing the lower peasants. These new classes would have been seen as an obstacle for Lenin in the long run.The NEP seemed to have many short answers to the problems as it temporarily solved the problem of feeding the masses but the question of free operation of the market system in agriculture wasnt sound to some of the other members of the party.The new freedoms applied more to the workers in agriculture rather than those in industry with the proletariat still being seen as the leaders on the road to the classless society. However, divisions appeared as the use of bourgeois specialists, technicians and the use of wage differentials undermined any idea of proletarian unity . This goes against the idea of preparing them for the revolution and can be seen as a failure of the NEP.Another example of failure for unity is the lack of symchka this failure can be seen through what is called the scissors crisis. This was a widening gap between agricultural and industrial prices. As agricultural production increased in the early 1920s there was a fall in the price offered for the goods. Conversely the prices for industrial goods increased as the shortages caused by inefficient production and the disruption of the civil war. This meant that the peasants had to pay more for manufactured goods but yet they were on a lower income. This would have created a wide gap in the economic field especially. Many also feared that this would mean that the peasants would lose support for the party.The NEP didnt solve the economic problems facing Russia, as there was a reliance on small-scale farming most of which were uneconomic units. They simply couldnt produce the levels r equired for the transition to the desired communist state. This displays that the NEP failed to be able to be a path to the desired communist state as it created to many obstacles.In conclusion the NEP did improve the lives of some people especially after the effects of war communism. If they didnt so something in 1921 a revolution against them could have occurred and they would have lost power and the NEP prevented this. In the Marxist idea it includes a capitalist state and the only way to achieve this was through gaining capital through NEP. This could be seen that the NEP was vital for survival. However, the NEP in the long run created more problems the majority lying in the heart of the Marxist ideology. Although the NEP achieved some of its objectives such as stabilising Russia it created more obstacles that went against the party ideas.