Principles of Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Learning - Essay grammatical baptistryThe first being is behavior which is the action of an individual usually in reaction to some stimuli of the environment. consequently there is a nonher concept of conditioning which to state an example, I will take a negative aspect of my own life and then use the knowledge and tinctures of Applied Behavior abstract (ABA) to design a series of steps to bring about a change of behavior in myself. The negative behavior that I chose for this purpose is the habit of procrastinating. I tend to procrastinate in case of assignments, home chores, payment of bills, almost every activity and tend to do the work on the weather day or last minute only (Chance 2006). This sometimes gets me into trouble when I am not able to finish my work or sometimes when I cannot do the work up to the scoop out of my ability. This is a type of voluntary behavior because I conduct it with my own free will.The first step towards solving any occupation is to recognize and understand the problem itself. So the first step that I will undertake is to measure the problem. Repeatability is how often a behavior occurs and is the frequency of occurrence increasing. My habit of procrastinating has change magnitude over a period of time with the increased number of activities I have to conduct. Then comes profane extent which is for how broad does the behavior last? In my case this will extend as long as I can carry on without getting into trouble. These measures are enough to indicate that my problem is very serious and requires immediate action.Now there is the element of the functional behavior assessment which in very simple words is described as a hypothesis between an occurrence of an outside factor and a behavioral response. Function is basically the benefit derived from conducting the behavior or what an individual gains from doing what he does. This is a very important aspect because it indicates the source of the

Crosby Manufacturing Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crosby Manufacturing Corporation - Essay ExampleThe President discrete to hire Tim Emary as the realise manager who is again observed to lack managerial experience in the field as well as do not belong to the formal project counseling group of the company, even though Emary is regarded to posses the capability of potent planning. 1. Livingstons Selection of Emary as Project manager was A Mistake or Right Decision The system which is presently being followed in Crossby, concentrating on the Management of Information System (MIS) as well as customer data base attention has been criticized as totally obsolete which is no more effective to meet the financial requirements of the clientele. As a result, the organization was unable to obtain three big government contacts which would have represented the success of Crossby interlingual rendition it the desired competitive advantages. Even though the President of the organization has taken an objective-oriented plan and an ultimate ma rker of procuring more government contacts, he was unable to identify the root cause of problem within the organization. When assessing the potency of the currently used MCCS process in Crossby, it can be observed that efficiency in the consummation process is one of the vital factors for the succession of any project which lacked in the organization. ... The most probable wrong of this enrolment can be identified with respect to the proper execution of the planning owing to the check technical knowledge of Emary regarding Electronic Data Processing (EDP). Even though Emary is regarded as a competent planner, he lacks in sufficient understanding of the technical requirements of projects related to MCCS and therefore might cause tizzy in the execution process when performing the roles of project manager, i.e. monitoring and providing suggestions to the functional employees of the EDP department through and through proper execution of the process, providing approval for the requi rement of new systems as well as servers, coordinating and maintaining effective communication flow among all the departments, setting the future requirements of the various departments and making the required contacts of procurements with the suppliers of the IT materials in a cost efficient way (Bainey, 2004). To perform these responsibilities competently, passable experience is required in the field of project management. Therefore, it can be stated that even though Emary is a competent planner, he is not the effective person for the execution of the project. In other words, hiring Emary as the project manager for such a crucial project shall lead to various limitations in terms of functional employee dissatisfaction, cost as well as clock time constraints. To be precise, from a critical perspective, hiring of Emary shall lead towards another failure to Crossby in obtaining governmental contracts. In order to mitigate this particular limitation, the President can either aim a t rendering adequate training to Emary which can again be highly cost as well as time consuming. Or otherwise, the President shall hire an experienced professional for the

Open topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Open topic - Essay ExampleDemocracies can either be direct or representation. In direct democracy, the public is allowed to directly participate in their government. In exemplar democracies, citizens are ever so allowed to elect representatives who impart represent them in the decision making processes. Despite be popular, democracy cannot be referred to as the best form of governance. This paper aims at proving that democracy has greatly failed as a form of governance. Democracy can be express to be faulty in the experience that it is a form of governance that it is ever so determined by what the majority wants and not what is good for the surface area. The interrogate here is what result happen in a situation where the majority is wrong. This will mean that whatsoever will fifty-fiftytually take place will not be the best thing for the country at large. The majority can always be wrong as a result of misinformation or being fed with completely wrong information by influ ential figures for their own selfish gain. This will definitely lead to a governance error that might haunt the country for decades affecting even generations that were not part of the faulty decision making (Diamond and Plattner 184). Democracy can also be said to be a highly expensive form of governance. There are a lot of visions that always go to literal waste during democratic processes. A country always spends a lot of gold just trying to make sure that democratic elections are always free, fair, and accurate. Despite all these efforts, at that place are always complaints about elections not being free and fair. This would raise the question of whether democracy is authentically governance by the people as is commonly referred to. Other resources also go to waste in the form of resources used during election campaigns. These resources are usually used for the purpose of influencing the choices of the public during political elections. The resource used during the political campaign would rather be used for other activities that are more much profitable and productive. In comparison to a monarchy form of governance, democracy would be definitely unreasonable expensive. antiauthoritarian processes can also be said to be faulted by baseless preferences of leaders. Democratic elections involve a battle for supremacy of races, ethnic groups, religions and many other forms of grouping. People will always vote for certain(prenominal) candidates on the basis of their ethnicity, race, religion, and not their capability to be good leaders. This leads to situations where the ethnic, racial, or religious groups with the highest number of citizens always carry the day. The obvious result of such an election is a government that lacks diligence and expertise. As much as one group might pride of being successful during the elections, the consequences of having incompetent leaders will be faced by the whole country( Adler and Weismann 221). Democracy can lead to the imbalanced development in a country. Since the leaders are always elected by the majority, they will always strive to those who voted for them at the expense of those who did not vote for them. For instance, if a leader was highly voted for in a certain region of the country and rejected in others, they will always tend to favor those who voted for them when it comes to developmental projects. This is mainly repayable to human nature, which makes it almost impossible for a person to respond to bad deeds with good ones. In the same manner, it will be

Foundations of Motivation (Module 9) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foundations of Motivation (Module 9) - Assignment ExampleIn contrast the test samples in India were able to perform the projection requiring complex cognitive skills for the highest incentive because that incentive was in consonance with the outcomes they associated with such a tough terminal. Thereby the results of this experiment were in tandem with the expectancy theory of motivation. The other conclusions arrived at by this experiment also happened to be strictly as per the expectancy theory of motivation. Once the workers vex satisfied in relation to the remuneration, the start considering other desirable outcomes and tend to commit to a task as per the value they assign to these outcomes. These outcomes may not necessarily be monetary, but may arrest of varied other desirable outcomes like autonomy or self direction, opportunity to gain restraint over a skill, the thrill of the eventual challenge posed by a task, and a soul of direction and purpose. As evinced by the exp ectancy theory the outcomes that specific individuals tend the value differ from someone to mortal, and the motivation of an individual is directly proportional to the finale to which one values a possible outcome. 2. Them talkers message aligns a lot with my own personal experience. As per the conclusions pertaining to motivation deduced from my personal experience, the extent of motivation that an individual commits to a specific goal has a lot to do with the outcomes that an individual expects to swipe from the achievement of that goal. However, the one thing that removes to be taken care of is the particular that the outcomes that a person aspires for or values differ from person to person. I remember when I was in High instruct I was quiet good at accounting. It was owing to my proficiency in accounting that a topical anaesthetic retail merchant offered me the job of going through his sales accounts every evening. I used to go through about an hour everyday at his shop , checking his accounts. I really enjoyed this job. It allowed me to earn some money without flexible on my studies. It happened that during the holiday season the sales of this retailer went up and he offered to pay much more to me if I spent an extra hour or two every day checking his accounts. At beginning(a) the possible outcome of earning more money appealed to me and I agreed to his proposal. However, as the time passed, this work started in use(p) with the time I ought to have dedicated to my studies. I soon realized that I valued the need to score better grades much more over the opportunity to earn money at the hail of my studies. Thereby I got immensely demotivated and quit this job after a few days. 3. As a manager the first thing that I learned from the given video is that once the employees are pay as per their expectations, they stop thinking about money and start focusing on the work at hand. Thereby, I will always make it a point to set the remunerations of the employees working for me at a level which is in consonance with their expectations and caters to their sense of equity. Once this is done, I will never forget the fact that money is not the only outcome that motivates an employee, but people expect varied other attributes from a job that they really feel motivated about, like autonomy or the freedom of self direction, circumstances to achieve mastery over a skill, the sense of challenge posed by a goal and the sense of direction or purpose associated with a goal. Thereby

Developing Creativity For Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Developing creativeness For Business - prove ExampleAn impressive example of a creative individual is Steve Wosnaik. Apple computer is the fruit of grate of this individual as the gadget is co-founded by him. Reaching this height is because of his qualities like sticking to the idea plane when they are challenged , maintaining individuality , courage to question the people in power etc. Considering a line of merchandise as a jigsaw puzzle , creativity is one elusive piece that wins the game for the participant. Creativity has become important more than ever before. match to Stephen P. Robbins , following is the three-component model of creativity .Based on an broad body of research , this model proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise , creative-thinking skills , and inhering task motivation. expertise - the potential for creativity is enhanced , when individual have abilities , knowledge , proficiencies and similar expertise in their celestial sp here of Endeavour. Creative thinking skills this encompasses personality characteristics associated with creativity , the ability to use analogies , as well as the endowment fund to see the familiar in the different light. Intrinsic task motivation this is the desire to work on something because its interesting , involving , exciting , satisfying or personally challenging. This motivational component is what turns creativity potential into factual creative ideas. Though these are the basic components of creativity , several others are discussed in the following pages. therefrom to investigate the concept of creativity , I have taken the business of supermarket as the topic of my report. correspond to wordiq.com , a supermarket is a store that sells a wide variety of goods including food and alcohol , medicine , costume and other household products that are consumed regularly. It is often part of a chain that owns or controls ( sometimes coarse franchise ) other supermarkets located in the same or other towns , this increases the opportunities for economies of sale. According to dictionary.reference.com , supermarket is a sizeable retail market that sells food and other household goods and that is usually operated on a self-service basis. According to retailindustry.about.com, Wal-Mart which has more than 8400 stores across the world , is by far the largest retailer in the world. Frances Carrefour is account 2.germanys Metro AG overtook the United Kingdoms Tesco chain and claimed third position. Due to the intrinsic growth and development of countries all across the globe , the local vendor scenario has been taken over by supermarkets. In recent times , supermarkets have shown a phenomenal growth. They now have in-house pharmacies , florists , catering go , prepared foods such as sandwiches , postal services , etc. Some supermarket chains even endure dry-cleaning services and few have started video-rental service. In a nutshell supermarkets are now providing a one-stop-shop experience. Most

Refocusing Sales Efforts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Refocusing Sales Efforts - leaven ExampleThe more time that they can dedicate to that end, the more business we will generate. It would benefit the familiarity if the sales staff limited their efforts to sales only.We are a small company by design. This allows us to be more flexible and responsive to our customers and the economy. But just beca procedure we are small in amount does not mean we need to be small in revenue. The individual accounts that we discombobulate make up a large percentage of the total number, but they are only a small ingredient of the sales volume. Though our business accounts usually require discounting to get their business, our greatest source of revenue is the a couple of(prenominal) large corporate accounts that we serve.I suggest we make a move away from actively want new individual accounts and concentrate on acquiring new corporate accounts. With business accounts, we can helping more revenue with fewer people and with the sales staff dedicated to pursuing new customers, we would have the time to cultivate these more lucrative accounts.The poor economic conditions in the area make it effortful to make a profit. However, these conditions will be temporary and the downturn will end in time. We should use this slow period to go out and meet potential customers and be ready to pick them up as clients when the economy turns around.

Supporting statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

living statement - Essay ExampleAs far as my experience is concerned, I bring in worked in different formulate companies where I got the chance of practically applying my fashion related knowledge and expertise. I acquit worked for five years as a PR Assistant in the Insky Communication Company in China, starting from 2000 till 2005. Then, I came to London where I worked part-time for two years in Christian Dior. I was simultaneously working as an internee PR Assistant in Artstalker Creative Group dowery them in carrying out business with the Insky Communication Company in China. The duration of the internship was more than one year. I have also attended some training courses as well and have been awarded certificates.I have the experience of arranging a mega fashion show which involved students who graduated from Central Saint Martins in China last year. I was among the five topmost designers who were selected to conduct this fashion show.I feel that I have enough experience to show that I have a craze about passage ahead in the fashion industry and contribute to the this eras style and trends. I hap myself updated with market requirement. I keep on reading fashion magazines and attend all fashion shows world held in my vicinity. I feel that I possess those special skills needed to choose right junto of colors and I try to come up fresh, innovative and unique ideas. I have learnt leaper (Computer-aided designing) techniques so as to equip myself with the latest technology for creating sketches and designs. I also possess the ability of synchronicity and connecting together the thoughts of both the client and the manufacturer in a successful way. This enthusiasm is what pulls me to apply for this fashion specialism course.After specialization, I plan to open up my own exclusive fashion retail shop much similar to the famous Topshop in China. I shall

International law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

global law - Research Paper ExampleHowever, the term genocide was not create until 1944. Literature has evidenced that genocide is any act committed with the intention to destroy completely or in partiality, a racial, an ethnic, a religious, or a national group.The recorded genocides include 1904 in Namibia, 1915 in Armenia, 1932 in Ukraine, the 1944 Holocaust, 1975 in Cambodia, 1982 in Guatemala, 1994 Rwandese genocide, and the 1995 Bosnian genocide. This resulted in the signing of an international treaty to form the International Criminal Court that has the mandate to prosecute crimes of genocide. Under the international law, genocide is considered as a crime. In this perspective, the paper will discuss the genocide with reference to international law.The effort to define genocide dates dressing to 18th century. According to Scott, various designs tried to give formal statement of war crimes as hale as laws of war. The geneva Conventions were a series of international treaties concluded in Geneva between 1864 and 1949 with an pay back of restructuring the impact of war on civilians, prisoners, and soldiers. In 1864, the international negotiations resulted in the Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded in time of War. It stipulated that immunity from capture as well as destruction of all establishments from the treatment of hurt soldiers, unbiased treatment and reception of all combatants, and protection of civilians giving aid to the wounded, in addition to recognizing the ruby Cross symbol as a means establishing people and equipment covered by the agreement. In 1864 the convention was ratified by all major European powers. It was amended and extended by the second Geneva Convention in 1906. The provisions were applied to the maritime conflict via the Hague conventions of 1899 to 1907. They are the first multilateral treaties to turn to warfare conducts based on the Lieber Code. The codified law stipulated regulations, for example, in protect ion of civilians and

Role of Young Adult Novels in Promoting Self-Acceptance Literature review - 2

Role of Young Adult Novels in Promoting Self-Acceptance - Literature review ExampleThe present look for has identified that young adult (YA) novels walk teens through a world of imagination, mingled with a touch of reality, in which they can align themselves with intellectually rich characters that best describe their hidden aspirations, boost their self-image, and hence carve out a world of their own with the aid of the knowledge thus acquired in order to go past out to their self.Such is the world of fantasy and reality that gives foundations to the growing teens to conform to their true self. Self-acceptance goes a long way to boost self-esteem, thus empowering young adults to become, and believe in, what they are. On the other hand, those who fail to signalise their true self, end up concealing their emotions, and subduing their natural talents in order to fit in the society, which they travel in. Unfortunately, in their effort to conform to the societys expectations, such teens often tend to compromise on their true self and remain ignorant of their identity. Self-acceptance requires conscious effort, and courage to look into ones own eyes, but once done, it empowers teens to become utilitarian members of society.Teens are particularly vulnerable to the expectations of the society to conform to its norms, which may not be in store with their assume of self-acceptance, and, instead, may influence them negatively by taking away their freedom to act independently. The need for self-acceptance and societys conflicting expectations are beautifully illustrated in several young adult novels The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton, Stargirl by Jerry Spinelli, Uglies by Scott Westerfeld. These novels deal with the delicate and complex phenomenon of self-acceptance in a quite sophisticated manner.Ponyboy, the protagonist of the novel The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton, is able to discover his true self after going through many trials that may dissemble him negatively. The novel gained its popularity among young adults for its fine depiction of violence in American schools. Ponyboys conversations with Cherry, a Soc girl, and Randy Anderson, a Soc boy, help Ponyboy get a better look at practical life.

Economic growth is one of the macroeconomic objectives of the Essay

Economic growth is one of the macroeconomic objectives of the Australian government . insinuate the problems that arise in measuring economic growth - Essay ExampleIt also fails to film the externalities that may be negative like those caused by pollution as well as depletion of resources. (tradingeconomics.com, 2011)Globally, the process by which the wealth of a nation is determined or poverty is a complex task since thither lies a predicament while trying to obtain compatible type of data. Different nations may be having different data types and thus, comparison in performance fails to be objective at the end.GDP as mentioned earlier is the method that is mostly used in the world to measure a countrys growth and Australia has followed this method as utilized by United Nations. This GDP method does not consider the incomes that come from corporations and individuals. This is especially if these incomes come from foreign sources and this approach further shows the weakness of meas uring the growth of a nation.The alternative method, (just to mention), that was usually used to measure an economys growth and that was applied universally in the world was GNI. The difference arises where GNI considers income from outside the country while GDP does not. (Kendall, 2010

Eleven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eleven - Essay ExampleIn a time of emotional support, my family comes first in consoling and helping me. At least, family can abide genuine to you completely the time. Long when I was little, I used to depend so much on my family for every decision-making support. However, this has changed greatly as I make more friends who can help me sort surface some of my necessarily that my family cannot. Friends can even help me keep a secret that I do not wish my family to know.The communication pattern with my family is satisfactory, and it makes me achieve most of my needs. However, there are certain needs that the communication pattern in my family will not help me achieve. Such needs are considerably achieved through the help of friends.Friends normally consider one someone mature at some point when your family still consider you a child. Therefore, in order to change the pattern, I would like my parents to consider me as someone who can sometimes make right decisions on their own. T herefore, I can sometimes be allowed of exercising independent-minded decisions.In my family, use mostly use communication as a way of stretching out to my parents whenever there is a need I want them to know about. Most of the time, everyone is busy in the family attending to different issues separately. Therefore, you only take a short time to pass a meaning to whoever is concerned when it is required to. My family is majoring on weekends and holidays to be family days. During such days, we go out as a family to slow down together, and on vacation during long holidays. This creates a forum for us to be together as a family and be close to each other. However, I would wish that parents create more time for their children to attend to all their needs as they want them to. To other families, it is very important to watch your children grow and give them the surpass directions in

Disscussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disscussion questions - Essay ExampleFurther, it also instills in the mind a keen familial wedge with the innate family and even the motherland giving the person strong roots to stand firmly to reveal his appropriate place in the world. Something negative about this country is that it is not so such(prenominal) financially a strong country like the U.S. therefore its standard of living is not so much high. In global dimensions, in the field of self-assertingness Indian people are moderately assertive in comparison to the people of U.S.A. However, from the Future Orientation dimension which stresses about the delay of the immediate gratification so that something maybe achieved in future, Indian people lead in comparison to U.S.A. This is because in this ill-tempered country the people think a lot and care a lot about their family. They are very family oriented therefore they tend to hoard money so that it can be invested in the future for the betterment of their family.Global F ootprints,. (2007).The global dimension in action A curriculum plan guide for schools(1st ed.). Retrieved from

Gaining Confessions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gaining Confessions - Essay suitGaining confessions from suspects are both challenging and rewarding in terms of the investigators ability to extract the accurate study to make a just conviction.OConnor & Maher (2009) indicated that there are four major areas of concern to holler to reduce future wrongful convictions incidents false confessions, inadequate investigations, mistaken eyewitness identification, and delayed, absent, mistaken, or improper forensic analysis (par. 5). In this regard, the essay aims to proffer issues pertaining to gaining confessions in the criminal justice system. The discourse would identify the unalike types of confessions delve into the relevant aspects of interrogation, and present some recommendations to prevent or minimize the possibilities of generating false confessions.Wicremasinghe (2002) define a confession as an admission the words of which expressly or substantially admit guilt or when they are taken together in the context inferentially adm it guilt (Wicremasinghe, 2002, par. 15).In the article pen by OConnor & Maher (2009), the authors cited Kissin (2008) as identifying three types of confessions, to wit (1) voluntary confessions those in which people claim responsibility for crimes they did not commit without prompting from police (2) compliant confessions cases in which the suspect acquiesces in order to trajectory from a stressful situation, avoid punishment, or gain a promised or implied reward and (3) internalized false confessions those in which innocent but vulnerable suspects, exposed to highly suggestive interrogation techniques, come to not but confess but come to believe they committed the crime in question (Kissin, 249 as cited by OConnor & Maher, par. 22).Due to the controversial nature of confessions, per se, the authenticity of the information gathered during the confession

Critically analyze the major HRM systems of HP Essay

Critically analyze the major(ip) HRM systems of HP - Essay ExampleHP, is used strategically to shape and reinforce a certain persona of culture by reinforcing certain ideas, norms, and behavior and by discouraging others. Strong values are passed pot by the management and then reinforced by procedures and rituals that emphasize and reward desired behaviors in tandem bicycle with a cultural network that is consisted of a system of communication that is used as a dent to disseminate values and create corporate heroes. (Barry 2000, p. 107)This paper will explore the processes involved behind the HP HRM strategy, particularly the organizations rigorous selection and recruitment methods and the emphasis on employee training, compensation and performance evaluation.It is important to punctuate that HP, along with IBM, initiated the antecedents of HRM in its studies of non-unionized employee management. For HP, HRM has always been associated with the kind of people management that place d a great complete of emphasis on gaining the commitment of individual employees to organizational goals.Confidence in and respect for our people as opposed to depending upon extensive rules, procedures and so on which depends upon people to do their job right (individual freedom) without constant directives. (Gratton 1999, p. 109) unitary needs to remember that HP is now known worldwide as a company that continually creates innovative products and processes. That is why HP wants to recruit not just the best people but those skilled and committed to work in an entrepreneurial team-based environment that breeds innovation. According to Dexter Dunphy (2002), the core approach that drives HPs way in developing its human capital lie in the following strategiesThe above-mentioned strategies supposedly make it possible for HP to be able to quickly respond to the requirements of the market and the customers expectations. such strategies are anchored on the development of enabling depart mental structures like the utilization of smaller departments and

What is the Buddhist Critique of the Christian understanding of God Term Paper

What is the Buddhist Critique of the Christian pinch of God - Term Paper ExampleWhatever the case, misconception of religious aspects have elicited debates which lam to boot out or disapprove practices that do not conform to the perceived beliefs. The concern is not to discredit the practices observed, that to contend to factors that led to such(prenominal) practices. Recent development in the religious circle indicates a practice, which does not seek to find the truth, but creates competition among the religionists. The suspicions that a given group of religionist directs towards new(prenominal)s does not portray the plan of religion in humanity. The aim of this paper is critique Buddhist understanding of the God served by Christians. Christian Understanding Christianity is a religion that traces its foundation from the teaching, death and life of deliveryman Christ. The focus on savior Christ by Christians point to the God they serve. History of Christianity points various incidents when God revealed Himself to men. Understanding the concept of Christian faith necessitate the understanding of nature of God they serve. Christians profess to serve a God who is monotheist and posses qualities such as ever presence, exercises control over nature and has the ability of redeeming mankind from its predicament.Human beings feel that it is persecute to commit ill against a fellow human being. Religionists contend that perception professed in religious faiths tend to promote harmony in humanity. Pointing at the Christian understanding, human beings co exists as a family whose interrogation is God. The teaching of Christianity project evil deeds as influences, which distract the moral will of God. Humankind has therefore been lost because of the practices, which they do. The road to redemption from this lose is through Jesus Christ. Redemption from the evils in the concept of Christian understanding is to focus on Jesus Christ whose misery in death and resur rection redeemed humankind from all immorality3. The concept of Christian faith has the following elements punishment for sins, redemption, forgiveness and new birth. Christians belief observes sin as a factor that separate human beings from divinity of God. God is a divine instrument above some other creatures. The explanation of Gods existence transcends thought which argue on His visibility. Redemption is relevant to Christians because of the detachment created by sin4. The point in the Christian tradition is to serve a God that redeems humankind from the ills of sin. mildness element bring a Christian back to the fold of God since the stain of sin would no longer influence relationship between human beings and God. Forgiveness of sin can only snuff it when a person believe in the teaching of Jesus and profess the same faith to others. not until then, human beings have no power over sin. The concept of new birth differentiates a Christian from other human beings who do not profess the same faith. The nature of God that Christians serve is droll in the sense that God respect life, project love, natural order, and harmony. These aspects influence Christians to develop attitudes, which promote the teachings of Jesus Christ. Respect for human life eliminates all manner of evils that a person would be intending to do to the other fellow. Christian doctrines define life and penalty of sin as death with a meaning that the square idea behind Christianity is life5. Human life is precious or valuable above all other things. The giver of life is thus creature above ot

Hominoids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hominoids - Essay ExampleAnother classification involves dickens tribes, Panini and Homini. Both Pan and gorilla genera atomic number 18 divisions in the Panini tribe, while Homini tribe includes Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens, relegate known as human beings belong to the Hominidae family and the Homo genus. Hylobates, Pongo pygmaecus, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla and Homo sapiens are the six different species of Homonoids.Chimpanzees belong to the Pan genus. They spend a considerable amount of time on the ground and inhabit in large complex tender groupings. They are specially adapted for knuckle walking. They also indulge in hunting as a group, sharing of food and tool making. They resemble our ancestors in anatomy as well as kindly behavior and are considered to be our closest living cousins. Orangutans belong to the Pongo genus. They are generalized climbers and are most isolated among the primates. Gorillas are the largest among primates. The male gorilla is l arger and stronger than its female counterpart. The male gorilla has scoop relationships with a group of females and keeps away male rivals from this group.The Old World species exhibit sexual dimorphism as a result of polygynous mating system. Hence, the males are bigger and stronger than the females to attract and sustain the pressure of defending sixfold mates.

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Essay Example for Free

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Es dictateThe Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on family 1014, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The five establishment Members were later joined by nine other Members Qatar (1961) Indonesia (1962) susp deceaseed its social status from January 2009 Libya (1962) fall in Arab Emirates (1967) Algeria (1969) Nigeria (1971) Ecuador (1973) suspended its membership from December 1992-October 2007 Angola (2007) and Gabon (19751994). OPEC had its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in the get-go five years of its existence. This was go to Vienna, Austria, on September 1, 1965. OPECs objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and lasting prices for petroleum producers an efficient, frugal and regular issue of petroleum to consuming nation s and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry.The 1960sOPECs formation by five crude color-producing developing countries in Baghdad in September 1960 occurred at a time of transition in the world-wide frugal and political landscape, with extensive decolonisation and the birth of many crude independent states in the developing world. The international anoint securities industry was dominated by the Seven Sisters multinational companies and was largely separate from that of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and other centrally planned economies (CPEs). OPEC developed its collective vision, set up its objectives and established its Secretariat, first in Geneva and therefore, in 1965, in Vienna. It adopted a Declaratory Statement of Petroleum form _or_ system of government in Member Countries in 1968, which emphasised the inalienable right of all countries to exercise permanent reign over their natural resources in the interest of their national study. Members hip grew to ten by 1969.The 1970sOPEC rosiness to international prominence during this decade, as its Member Countries alikek control of their domestic petroleum industries and acquired a major say in the pricing of pure(a) cover on world marts. On two occasions, oil prices go up steeply in a volatile market, triggered by the Arab oil embargo in 1973 and the outbreak of the Persian Revolution in 1979. OPEC broadened its mandate with the first Summit of Heads of State and Government in Algiers in 1975, which turn to the plight of the poorer nations and called for a new era of cooperation in international relations, in the interests of world economic increase and stability. This led to the establishment of the OPEC Fund for International Development in 1976. Member Countries embarked on ambitious socio-economic development schemes. Membership grew to 13 by 1975.The 1980sAfter reaching record levels early in the decade, prices began to weaken, to begin with crashing in 1986, r esponding to a big oil glut and consumer shift onward from this hydrocarbon. OPECs share of the little oil market fell heavily and its total petroleum revenue dropped be crushed a trine of earlier peaks, causing severe economic hardship for many Member Countries. Prices rallied in the final differentiate of the decade, scarcely to slightly half the levels of the early part, and OPECs share of newly growing world payoff began to recover. This was supported by OPEC introducing a group end product ceiling divided among Member Countries and a name and address Basket for pricing, as well as significant progress with OPEC/non-OPEC dialogue and cooperation, seen as essential for market stability and reasonable prices. Environmental issues emerged on the international energy agenda.The 1990sPrices moved less dramatically than in the 1970s and 1980s, and timely OPEC action reduced the market impact of Middle East hostilities in 199091. But excessive capriciousness and general price weakness dominated the decade, and the South-East Asian economic downturn and mild Northern Hemisphere winter of 199899 saw prices back at 1986 levels. However, a solid recovery followed in a more integrated oil market, which was ad hardlying to the post-Soviet world, greater regionalism, globularisation, the communications variety and other high-tech trends. Breakthroughs in producer-consumer dialogue matched continued advances in OPEC/non-OPEC relations. As the united Nations-sponsored climate form negotiations gathered momentum, later the Earth Summit of 1992, OPEC sought fairness, balance and realism in the treatment of oil fork out. One pastoral left wing OPEC, piece of music another suspended its Membership.The 2000sAn innovative OPEC oil price roofy mechanism helped strengthen and stabilise crude prices in the early years of the decade. But a gang of market forces, speculation and other factors transformed the situation in 2004, pushing up prices and increasing vo latility in a well-supplied crude market. Oil was used increasingly as an asset class. Prices soared to record levels in mid-2008, in the beginning collapsing in the emerging global pecuniary turmoil and economic recession. OPEC became prominent in financial support the oil sector, as part of global efforts to address the economic crisis. OPECs second and third summits in Caracas and Riyadh in 2000 and 2007 established stable energy markets, sustainable development and the environment as three guiding themes, and it adopted a comprehensive long-term strategy in 2005. One country joined OPEC, another reactivated its Membership and a third suspended it.Venezuela and Iran were the first countries to move towards the establishment of OPEC in the 1960s by approaching Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in 1949, suggesting that they exchange views and explore avenues for regular and close-set(prenominal) communication among petroleum-producing nations.citation needed The founding members are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Later members include Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Libya, Qatar, Nigeria, and the United Arab Emirates.In 1014 September 1960, at the initiative of the Venezuelan brawniness and Mines attend Juan Pablo Perez Alfonso and the Saudi Arabian Energy and Mines minister Abdullah al-Tariki, the governments of Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad to discuss ways to increase the price of the crude oil produced by their respective countries.citation needed67Oil exports imports differenceOPEC was founded to unify and coordinate members petroleum policies. Between 1960 and 1975, the organization expanded to include Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), and Nigeria (1971). Ecuador and Gabon were early members of OPEC, but Ecuador withdrew on December 31, 19928 because it was unwilling or unable to pay a $2 million membership fee and felt that it need ed to produce more oil than it was allowed to under the OPEC quota,9 although it rejoined in October 2007. Similar solicitudes prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995.10 Angola joined on the first day of 2007. Norway and Russia have be OPEC toyings as observers. Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion, Mohammed Barkindo, OPECs Secretary General, recently asked Sudan to join.11 Iraq remains a member of OPEC, but Iraki fruit has not been a part of any OPEC quota agreements since March 1998.In May 2008, Indonesia denote that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year, having become a net importer of oil and organism unable to meet its production quota.12 A statement released by OPEC on 10 September 2008 confirm Indonesias withdrawal, noting that it regretfully accepted the wish of Indonesia to suspend its full Membership in the Organization and recorded its commit that the Country would be in a position to rejoin the Orga nization in the not too distant future. 13 Indonesia is still exporting light, sweet crude oil and importing heavier, more sour crude oil to take advantage of price differentials (import is greater than export).1973 oil embargoeditMain article 1973 oil crisis In October 1973, OPEC stated an oil embargo in response to the United States and Western Europes support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War of 1973. The end point was a rise in oil prices from $3 per barrel to $12 and the commencement of muff rationing. some other factors in the rise in gasoline prices was the peak of oil production in the United States around 1970 and the devaluation of the U.S. dollar.14 U.S. gas stations put a limit on the amount of gasoline that could be dispensed, unkindly on Sundays, and limited the days gasoline could be purchased based on license plates. Even by and by the embargo concluded, prices continued to rise.15The Oil Embargo of 1973 had a lasting effect on the United States. U.S. citizens beg an acquire smaller cars that were more fuel efficient.citation needed The Federal government got involved first with President Richard Nixon recommending citizens reduce their repair for the sake of conservation, and later Congress issuing a 55 mph limit at the end of 1973. This change decreased consumptioncitation needed as well as crash fatalitiescitation needed. Daylight savings time was protracted year round to reduce electrical use in the American home. Nixon also formed the Energy Department as a cabinet office.citation needed People were asked to decrease their thermostats to 65 degrees and factories changed their main energy supply to coal.One of the most lasting effects of the 1973 oil embargo was a global economic recession. Unemployment ruddiness to the highest percentage on record while inflation also spiked. Consumer interest in large gas guzzling vehicles fell and production dropped. Although the embargo only lasted a year, during that time oil prices had quadruple d and OPEC nations discovered that their oil could be used as both a political and economic weapon against other nations1975 security incidenteditMain article OPEC siege This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011)On 21 December 1975, Ahmed Zaki Yamani and the other oil ministers of the members of OPEC were interpreted hostage by a six-person aggroup led by terrorist Carlos the Jackal (which included Gabriele Krocher-Tiedemann and Hans-Joachim Klein), in Vienna, Austria, where the ministers were care a meeting at the OPEC headquarters. Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and bunco all eleven oil ministers in attendance and hold them for ransom, with the exception of Ahmed Zaki Yamani and Irans Jamshid Amuzegar, who were to be executed.Carlos led his six-person team past two police officers in the buildings lobby a nd up to the first floor, where a police officer, an Iraqi plain clothes security guard and a young Libyan economist were shot dead.As Carlos entered the conference room and fired shots in the ceiling, the indicates ducked under the table. The terrorists searched for Ahmed Zaki Yamani and then divided the sixty-three hostages into groups. Delegates of friendly countries were moved toward the door, neutrals were placed in the centre of the room and the enemies were placed along the back wall, next to a chaw of explosives. This last group included those from Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar and the UAE. Carlos demanded a agglomerate to be provided to take his group and the hostages to the airport, where a DC-9 air insipid and crew would be waiting. In the meantime, Carlos briefed Yamani on his plan to eventually fly to Aden, where Yamani and Amuzegar would be killed.The bus was provided the following morning at 6.40 as requested and 42 hostages were boarded and taken to the airport. The g roup was airborne just afterward 9.00 and explosives placed under Yamanis seat. The plane first stopped in Algiers, where Carlos left the plane to meet with the Algierian Foreign minister. All 30 non-Arab hostages were released, excluding Amuzegar.The refueled plane left for Tripoli where there was trouble in acquiring another plane as had been planned. Carlos decided to instead return to Algiers and change to a Boeing 707, a plane large enough to fly to Baghdad nonstop. Ten more hostages were released before leaving.With only 10 hostages remaining, the Boeing 707 left for Algiers and arrived at 3.40 a.m. After leaving the plane to meet with the Algerians, Carlos talked with his colleagues in the face up cabin of the plane and then told Yamani and Amuzegar that they would be released at mid-day. Carlos was then called from the plane a second time and returned after two hours.At this second meeting it is believed that Carlos held a phone conversation with Algerian President Houari Boumedienne who informed Carlos that the oil ministers deaths would contribute in an attack on the plane. Yamanis biographycitation needed suggests that the Algerians had used a covert listening device on the front of the aircraft to overhear the earlier conversation between the terrorists, and found that Carlos had in fact still planned to mangle the two oil ministers. Boumedienne must also have offered Carlos asylum at this time and possibly financial compensation for failing to complete his assignment.On returning to the plane Carlos stood before Yamani and Amuzegar and expressed his regret at not being able to murder them. He then told the hostages that he and his comrades would leave the plane after which they would all be free. After waiting for the terrorists to leave, Yamani and the other nine hostages followed and were taken to the airport by Algerian Foreign Minister Abdelaziz Bouteflika. The terrorists were present in the next lounge and Khalid, the Palestinian, asked t o speak to Yamani. As his hand reached for his coat, Khalid was border by guards and a gun was found concealed in a holster.Some time after the attack it was revealed by Carlos accomplices that the operation was commanded by Wadi Haddad, a Palestinian terrorist and founder of the Popular Front for the inflammation of Palestine. It was also claimed that the idea and farm animaling came from an Arab president, widely thought to be Muammar al-Gaddafi.In the years following the OPEC raid, Bassam Abu Sharif and Klein claimed that Carlos had authentic a large sum of coin in exchange for the safe release of the Arab hostages and had kept it for his in-person use. There is still some uncertainty regarding the amount that changed hands but it is believed to be between US$20 million and US$50 million. The source of the money is also uncertain, but, according to Klein, it was from an Arab president. Carlos later told his lawyers that the money was paid by the Saudis on behalf of the Iran ians and was, diverted en route and lost by the Revolution.17The 1980s oil glutsOPEC net oil export revenues for 1971 2007.18In response to the high oil prices of the 1970s, industrial nations took step to reduce habituation on oil. Utilities switched to using coal, natural gas, or nuclear power while national governments initiated multi-billion dollar question programs to develop alternatives to oil. Demand for oil dropped by five million barrels a day while oil production outside of OPEC rose by fourteen million barrels daily by 1986. During this time, the percentage of oil produced by OPEC fell from 50% to 29%. The outlet was a six-year price crash that culminated with a 46 percent price drop in 1986.In order to combat go revenues, Saudi Arabia pushed for production quotas to limit production and boost prices. When other OPEC nations failed to comply, Saudi Arabia slashed production from 10 million barrels daily in 1980 to just one-quarter of that level in 1985. When this p roved ineffective, Saudi Arabia transposed course and flooded the market with cheap oil, causing prices to fall to under ten dollars a barrel. The result was that high price production zones in areas such as the North Sea became too expensive. Countries in OPEC that had previously failed to comply to quotas began to limit production in order to shore up prices.19Responding to war and low priceseditMain articles 1990 oil price shock and 2000s energy crisis Leading up to the 1990-91 Gulf War, The President of Iraq Saddam ibn Talal Hussein recommended that OPEC should push world oil prices up, helping all OPEC members financially. But the division of OPEC countries occasioned by the Iraq-Iran War and the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait marked a low point in the cohesion of OPEC. Once supply disruption fears that accompanied these appointments dissipated, oil prices began to slide dramatically.After oil prices slumped at around $15 a barrel in the late 1990s, joint diplomacy achieved a slowi ng down of oil production beginning in 1998. In 2000, Chavez hosted the first summit of OPEC in 25 years. The next year, however, the September 11, 2001 attacks against the United States,and the following invasion of Afghanistan, and 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent occupation prompted a sharp rise in oil prices to levels far higher than those targeted by OPEC themselves during the previous period. Indonesia withdrew from OPEC in 2009 to protect its oil supply.On 19 November 2007, global oil prices reacted violently as OPEC members spoke openly about potentially converting their cash reserves to the euro and away from the US dollar.20Production disputeseditThe economic needs of the OPEC member states often affects the internal politics behind OPEC production quotas. Various members have pushed for reductions in production quotas to increase the price of oil and thus their own revenues.21 These demands conflict with Saudi Arabias stated long-term strategy of being a partner with the worlds economic powers to ensure a steady flow of oil that would support economic expansion.22 Part of the basis for this policy is the Saudi concern that expensive oil or oil of uncertain supply will drive developed nations to preserves and develop alternative fuels. To this point, former Saudi Oil Minister Sheikh Yamani famously said in 1973 The stone age didnt end because we ran out of stones.23One such production dispute occurred on 10 September 2008, when the Saudis reportedly walked out of OPEC negotiating session where the organization voted to reduce production. Although Saudi Arabian OPEC delegates officially endorsed the new quotas, they stated anonymously that they would not observe them. The New York Times quoted one such anonymous OPEC delegate as saying Saudi Arabia will meet the markets demand. We will see what the market requires and we will not leave a customer without oil. The policy has not changed.OPEC aideditOPEC aid dates from well before the 1973/74 oil pr ice explosion. Kuwait has operated a programme since 1961 (through the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development). The OPEC fund became a fully fledged permanent international development agency in May 1980.

Attitudes Towards Jewish Migration to Australia in the 1930s Essay Example for Free

Attitudes Towards Judaic Migration to Australia in the thirties EssayDescribe and account for attitudes towards Jewish migration to Australia in the 1930s (distinguishing between political and public attitudes). Did Australian insurance towards Jewish refugees change significantly during and later onward war from what had prevailed in the 1930s? How would you explain the policy continuity or change? passim the twentieth Century, the policy adopted by Australia towards Jewish migration can best be described as hotshot of restriction and limitation.Australian political and public attitudes during the 1930s were influenced by fears of the Jewish communitys inability to assimilate into Australian culture, the threat that they may have posed on job security and standards of life-time as easily as the potential for their arrival to stimulate extreme anti-Semitism problems in spite of appearance Australia. The eructation of war and the publication of Jewish persecution in Eur ope did little to alter the feelings of insecurity towards Jewish communities in Australia.While there were virtually attempts to enlarge the arrival of Jewish battalion after World warfare II, the sentiment of the bulk of the Australian creation remained unchanged and restrictions on immigration were still enforced. This theme of implicit in(p) racial prejudice continued to shape Australian policy without this entire period. During the 1930s, it is evident that the league authorities, comprised of the United Australia Party and Australian Country Party, do attempts to restrict the immigration of Jews into the country.First and foremost, the recent Australian struggle through the Depression meant that the Government was intent on protecting the job security and active standards of the Australian populace. The migration of any foreign im migratorys was thence unpopular collectable to the threats it placed on the Australian worker. This policy became an excuse for limiting the chip of Jewish refugees accepted into Australia and resulted in an increase of the amount of landing gold required to five hundred pounds for alien immigrants.This requirement was difficult for the majority of Jewish refugees to satisfy, making their entry into Australia virtually impossible. This policy remained in place until 1936 when the amount required was reduced to two hundred pounds or fifty pounds with a guarantor. Due to the poor economic conditions that had been experienced in Australia throughout the 1930s, the Government was disinclined to increase Jewish migration when so many of the migrants were impoverished, meaning that they would place a further strain on the Australian economy. TheGovernment was also reluctant to permit the entry of a significant number of Jewish refugees collectible to the spirit of their inability to assimilate into Australian society compared with some other cultures. The Government believed that the Jews were a separate race due to their distinctly different religious beliefs and customs and that this would significantly inhibit their soaking up into the Australian population. Australias political attitude towards Jewish migration was made clear at the Evian Conference, a come across for the discussion of Jewish refugees, in June 1938.Australia realised the importance of attending the collide withing so as non to gain a bad reputation, however the outcome showed that the Government was unwilling to increase the number of Jewish immigrants into the country. At this international meeting, the Australian re applyative Colonel T. W. White stressed the idea that Australia did non suffer from inbred racial problems and its desire to maintain these peaceful conditions meant that allowing undesirable migrants into the country was not an option.Colonel White also made it clear that the Australian Government felt that as a young nation, the importance of maintaining a industrial-strength connection with its Angl o-Saxon roots was vital for the increase of the Australian population. At the conference, the nations present most oft put forward the case that they had already done what they felt was tolerable in response to the refugee crisis without undermining the standards of donjon within their own countries.It was felt however, that due to the vast amounts of free space and low population compared to some other nations, Australia should take a greater role in accepting refugees as the economy would not be as degraded and these refugees had the potential to bid workers needed in primary and secondary industries. scorn the prevalence of this resistance to Jewish migration, it is evident that there was at least one politician who pushed for the Australian Government to accept more refugees.Stanley Bruce, a former Australian Prime Minister who moved to capital of the United Kingdom and became the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom was well known on an international platfor m due to his appearance at numerous world conferences and meetings as an Australian representative. He pressed for Australia to take a more humanitarian approach to the issue of refugee migration, especially after the Kristallnacht in Germany and Austria in November 1938.He appealed for the Government to increase its quota to 0,000 refugees over a three year period, thereby doubling the 15,000 quota suggested by the Australian Government. With a galactic increase in the number of applications being made to Australia House for entry into Australia after the Kristallnacht, this number seemed reasonable to Bruce. Instead it was decided in December of 1938 that Australia would accept 15,000 refugees over three years. In similitude with the number of refugees that had been accepted over the past five years, this was a significant increase, however not enough to satisfy the humanitarian plight of Bruce.It is also evident that this quota was never reached as the irruption of war in 1939 saw the termination of immigration and by this time only 7-8,000 refugees had been accepted into the country. While the Government was ontogeny its policy regarding migration during the 1930s, politicians were under a significant amount of pressure from the Australian public to limit the growth of the Jewish population in Australia. Interestingly, this sentiment was felt from groups in both(prenominal) non-Jewish and Jewish communities in Australia.The Australian Jewish community were opposed to the heavy(p) influx of Eastern European Jews due to the difference in language spoken which they felt would agree it difficult for them to assimilate easily into Australian society with the serve well of the already established Jewish community. Another fear was that due to the impoverished state of the Jewish refugees, the Australian Jewish community would be burdened by the arrival of the poor refugees and therefrom their status within society would be diminished.It was also hard to convince the majority of the Australian populace of the benefits of a large migrant intake. It is evident that many Australians felt that the Jewish population would undermine the standards of aliment as well as pose threats to the security of their jobs, a prominent issue after the hardship of the Depression. There was belief that the Jews were far too distinguishable from the normal Australian way of life through the way they dressed, their usual behaviour and their religious customs.This sentiment was accompanimently strong amongst religious groups within Australia. For example a particular Anglican group felt that the Jewish community should not be welcomed on a large scale as their beliefs would challenge the traditional Christian teachings of many Australians. It was also feared that the establishment of a large Jewish community in Australia may lead to the reading of a strong anti-Semitic . proceeding within Australia. The Australian community was aware of the problems this had lay downd in other nations and was fearful that the kindred problem would memorial tablet Australians.Therefore, the preference of the public was for the migration of smaller numbers of Jews, as it was felt they could be more easily assimilated into Australian culture this way. The public resistance to migration was further evinced by the fact that members of the public made requests to the Government to create specific application requirements and toughen selection procedures in order to restrict the numbers of migrants who were able to meet these requirements.Throughout this period Australians were unaware of the atrocities that were to follow during the war period and so their priorities lay with the protection of the economy, maintaining standards of living and ensuring peaceful relations between members of society. Despite this widespread public sentiment, there was some pressure from the media to increase Jewish migration for humanitarian reasons.The Sydney Mornin g Herald and the West Australian both stressed the need to make a larger contribution to the refugee problem and expressed that Australia was in fact not doing enough to attention the refugees. It is also evident that within some professions, there was encouragement of refugee migration, for example some architects in clean South Wales welcomed the arrival of Jewish migrants with an architectural background as they had the potential to bring with them new ideas and thus add to the cultural identity of Australia.However, much(prenominal) opinions were in the minority and there is increase evidence that the majority of Australians, along with their political counterparts, were doubting of the Jewish arrival and wished for only particular migrants to be allowed into the country that were non-intrusive and therefore able to assimilate easily. While Jewish migrants that entered Australia during the 1930s did their best to quickly assimilate into Australian society, the outbreak of wa r in 1939 prevented this from occurring as once more Jewish migrants were seen as aliens who threatened the security of Australia.Throughout the first few months of the war, newspapers around Australia expand some of the atrocities occurring in Europe against the Jewish population. However by 1940 the large publication of this murderous activity had declined significantly. While the papers still published stories about the treatment of Jews in Europe, the Australian public was largely unaware of the extent of the persecution. With the world at war, Australians were fearful of sight who had previous ties with Germany and the Nazis and therefore refugees were termed enemy aliens.In Britain this led to harsh internment policies of these potential spies, however in Australia the internment policy was more relaxed. It is evident however that even if the refugees were not interned during the war period they were practically treated with hostility by other Australians. Jewish communiti es in Australia also had to deal with frequent legal philosophy checks and restraints on their freedoms, such as the ability to own a radio. There is evidence to suggest that dapple-war attitudes to Jewish persons in Australia in many respects mirrored those of the pre-war years.After the direct attack on the Australian mainland during the second half of World fight II, Australian Government policy was directed towards increasing the population so as not to leave the vast unoccupied lands in Northern Australia unprotected. For the first time, Australia began to picture further than Britain for prospective migrants, although it is apparent that regardless of this, Jewish migration was still looked upon unfavourably.After World War II, both of the major political parties shared a similar view in relation to Jewish migration that the stress should be placed on the arrival of British migrations in preference to any others. The newly ordained Minister for Immigration, Arthur Calwell s policy in the early post-war years implied a restriction on Jewish migration. While he had introduced a family reunion scheme in which 2,000 survivors of the Holocaust could be united with family in Australia, this only lasted for a period of twelve months, after which time limitations on Jewish migration were increased.One such example was the limitation of the number of Jewish migrants per ship arriving in Australia to 25% of the total number of lot travelling on the ship. The Liberal party policy under the Opposition leader Robert Menzies followed along the same lines as the pre-war policy in that Jewish migration should be kept at a minimum due to the potential for extreme anti-Semitism to develop in Australia and the impact that the migrants may have on Australian standards of living. Under the direction of Calwell, migrants were accepted through the Displaced Persons Scheme.Under this scheme there were 34,890 arrivals into Australia in 1946, of which only 187 were Jews. Of these 187 Jewish arrivals, only 156 were permanent migrants. This is an incredibly low number given the large number of Jewish people that would have been seeking respite after the end of the Holocaust in Europe. A statement regarding the migrant intake in 1946 by Calwell expressed his feelings that the Australian Government had done all that it could at the present time to assist with the post-war refugee problem.He also expressed that the Government was only able to accept refugees that already had family living in Australia with whom they could settle with due to the housing shortage being experienced at the time. The post war attitude of the Australian public towards Jewish migration attitude was also reminiscent of the 1930s period. Australians had substantial a fear of foreigners after their close encounter with the Japanese during the second half of World War II. This insecurity led them to believe that Jewish migrants would smuggle opium into the country.The Jews were also criticised for their preference to establish communities within the metropolis as opposed to rural areas where Australians thought migrants would make a more significant contribution to the development of the nation. There were numerous newspapers and magazines which circulated negative opinions towards the post-war migration of Jewish persons to Australia. For example an excerpt from the Bulletin in August 1946 detailed the feelings of many Australians at this time that Jewish migrants should be some of the last ethnic groups considered due to the inclination for them to form ghettoes and compete with Australians for jobs.One public attitude that did change was that of the Australian Jewish community. Instead of face towards the Jewish refugees as a threat to their social status, after the horrors of the Holocaust, many people were keen to provide as much assistance as possible to the survivors. Therefore the Australian Jewish community were accessory of the Governments family r eunion programme and the seemingly humanitarian plight of Arthur Calwell at this time.Under increasing pressure from the public and other members of Government, Arthur Calwells humanitarian position on Jewish migration was changed to restrict Jewish immigration. From 1947 onwards the refugee immigration program ceased to exist and so the ability to migrate to Australia was determined by the suitability of the person for employment in Australia. This change in policy made it increasingly difficult for Jewish people to migrate to Australia as Peter Witting found when he and his family applied to leave impress for Australia in 1947.It is also evident that the Australian Government made false claims that acceptance decisions were made without racial prejudice when the selection committee of the International Refugee Organisation in Australia were secretly told to select only migrants of Baltic background, thereby excluding Jews once again. Overall, it can be seen that Australias attitu des towards Jewish migration followed a similar pattern from the 1930s through to the immediate post-war years. The underlying feelings of Australians throughout this period were of anxiety, apprehension and hostility which ultimately impacted on the attitude of Australia towards migrants.The restrictions placed on migration in the 1930s via the quota system and high landing permit be through to the opinions displayed at the Evian Conference portrayed an image that suggested an Australian fear of Jewish people. These feelings were motivated by the fear of the rise of anti-Semitism in Australia and threats to the security of Australian jobs and standard of living that the public and government believed Jewish migration would pose. These tensions remained during the war when the Government placed restrictions on the freedoms of Jewish people, who were considered a threat to the security of Australia.During the post-war period, scorn the fact that there was some effort to increase t he numbers of Jewish people entering Australia through Government policy and the support of the Jewish Welfare Society in Australia, the Australian public remained sceptical of the arrivals and the effects they would have on society. The further restrictions placed on Jewish migration after 1946 indicates that minimal changes to political and public opinion were evident over time and that racial prejudice against Jewish migrants still existed after the events of World War II.

The Travesty of the Holocaust Essay Example for Free

The mockery of the final solution EssaySince the pedigree of history, man has sought and ostracized that which is unfamiliar. Ignorance is the root of the beginning of evil and so it was with the Holocaust. I will say the Holocaust as atrocious as it is, is non the first genocide nor has it been the last. The human still watches on, as though human macrocosms be but fodder, as pot continue to be executed for non belonging to a crack upicular tribe. It is of Africa, I speak genocide continues into tied(p) this our innovational age. I as well cannot help but figure of the Native Americans, on a continent where thousands of nations erst thrived.Now on that point are but a scant handful. M any nations passed from this earth to extinction. Holocaust, genocide terrible, severe evil brought into the world. The problem is crushing such evil. The Talmud teaches that, to do secret code in the face of evil, that person is as surely guilty as the assailants. The blood of man y is on all of our hands. de merryrerian Theology and Anti-Judaism Since the inception of Christianity there has been friction between Judaism and Christianity. These issues were addressed in the New Testament beginning with Acts and continuing with the garner of Paul.The basic issues were whether Jesus was the Son of immortal and whether Christians had to follow Judaic law. The first problem created a expressed chasm between Jews and Christians. Christians accepting the deity of Christ. While Jews rejected this. The second question regarding Judaic law was finally rejected by the Christian church. And the two faiths parted ways. Shakespeare pictured Jews as misers, in the Merchant of Venice. So the conflict between Jews and Christians has a long history. In some way perhaps, the Holocaust was the culmination of this hatred. notwithstanding somehow, I do not think so.Humans have a tendency to turn from helping another(prenominal)s different from themselves. I think wholeness of the saddest parts of the Holocaust is the denial of common, ordinary Germans who knew, who had to know of the atrocities somewhat them and did nothing. The insanity of Hitler is one thing. But for ordinary quite a little to allow such atrocities, I cannot understand. Americans are rightful(prenominal) as guilty word of the camps was known in the beginning and America chose to do nothing. I am reminded of a name from Elise Wiesel It happened yesterday, eternities ago, a young Jewish boy discovered the kingdome of the night.I immortalizeed his bewilderment. I remember his anguish. It all happened so fast. The decrees. The deportation. The sealed cattle car. The fiery alter upon which the history of our slew and the future of military personnel were meant to be sacrificed. I remember He asked his father. Can this be true? This is the 20th century not the Middle Ages. Who would allow such crimes to be committed? How could the world expect silent? Indeed, how does the world remain silent still? Surely, this is the ultimate sin, the ultimate blasphemous act against God. race see.People hear. People know. And peck stand passively by and do nothing. Shoah Of course, Shoah in Hebrew means Holocaust. Fortunately it is also the shape of a interpret began by Steven Speilberg. The Shoah is a remarkable project to help preserve the atrocities of Nazism and the Holocaust. The Shoah project helps to preserve the memories of survivors who are aging. The Shoah Project helps to keep what the Nazis did a hateful crime and not to lessen these survivors memories to undefiled books. I know that part of the goal is to keep such things from happening again.But this is not the case. People are still executed for the color of their skin, their beliefs. Today, those of Arabic descent are now at the brunt of others who think themselves better or superior. The lessons learned should keep worldly concern from allowing genocide. Yet, over 200,000 Africans have been execute d because they are of a different tribe. Millions more than are in refugee camps hoping and waiting to escape the horrors of this war. Little children have been macheted and lost their limbs. The Holocaust should not fade from our memories, ever.Mans capability of terrible horror and to preserve the stories, the message of the Holocaust is preserved. There are those who would want to erase the holocaust from memory, as surely as slavery is still denied. There is no excuse for such behavior, it is left to the educated to keep the memory and to assure that the atrocities of history are not forgotten. Every generation can benefit from the Shoah project. Antisemitism is troublesome, because there are people who have the audacity to shoot that the Holocaust never happened.Unfortunately, ignorance is the root of this disease and as sad as it is, ignorance will remain a part of humanity. There is also this strange need, want of humans to think themselves superior. The root of this cosmo s that people feel inferior and so must lower another to make themselves feel better. Curable, yes. Likely, no. I do not believe that there is any excuse for antisemitism or Anti-Judaism. The Jewish culture has enriched our lives, even though people often do not appreciate all that Jewish culture has to offer.Unfortunately, there is no reason to ever take another human being regardless of race, religion, or any other reason for granted. Jewish people have contributed greatly to our culture. Yet, their accomplishments are kept quiet give away of fear or shame. A recent example, is the newly elected Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. His mother is Jewish and because a persons Jewishness is proven along the line of the mother (because ones mother can be denied). This man hid a great and powerful culture.The Jews are not the only ones guilty of such behavior many other immigrants have done the same, such as those of Irish or Italian descent. Anti-Judaism may well gather a part in keepin g the Shoah program from being successful. One problem is that the Holocaust was not wholly against the Jews. Others also suffered and died at the hands of the Nazi regime homosexuals, the mentally ill, gypsies, and other races. Russians were also kill in Nazi camps. It is these people that may are not recognized or remembered. In no way should the perils of the Jewish experience be downplayed.Yet the Jewish people should also play a role in helping to recall those who were not Jewish and who were also murdered. I think vexation builds when the Holocaust is treated as if those of Judaic descent were the only ones to suffer. Helen Keller once said, The world is full of suffering. If nothing else perhaps the fact that being human is to suffer, may be something that could bring people together sort of of separating them. The Nazi Pogrom and Christianity It is unfortunate, but albeit true. Almost the same type of Antisemitism was displayed during the Passion of the Christ.Even the C atholic church in turning a blind eye away from the Jews during the Holocaust, agreed with the premise. Jews portrayed as the murderers of Christ. The irony being if Christ had not been martyred, then Jesus could have hardly been represented as the Son of God or Messiah. Unfortunately this was the connection Germans and many Christians made to justify the holocaust against the Jews. Intellectual theology, I do not believe can make the argument. However, in the era of the 30s and 40s portraying the Jews as Christ killers was an consequential piece of acceptable propaganda.This theme did crop up again in the 80s when The Temptation of Christ, Martin Scorsces depiction of Christ was brought to the theaters. The Conservative Christian right rallied and so began movements to keep people from seeing the movie. In 2004, Mel Gibsons The Passion of the Christ, would also bring a wave of antisemitism. I believe those who have a tendency toward antisemitism would use these as a further excus e to justify hatred. The Jewish people were portrayed as monstrous. Supposed medical exam research supported the differences between Jews and a normal human being.This seems to be a standard traffic pattern when a race or culture is demonized for extinction. The Indians were portrayed as heathen savages, incapable of living among the whitened men. Africans were depicted as children that needed to be taken care of and sheltered. Jews are depicted as being selfish, miserly, and somehow less than human. By making the other race or ethnicity sub-human their extermination becomes somehow easier. For if one is not fully human, but beneath humanity then isnt the world better off with the couch of these sub-humans?As Americans, we see this de-humanization process being carried against immigrants. Hispanics are described as parasites somehow taking utility of the American people. Historically this has been the portrayal of immigrants throughout American history, at least. The Irish, the Chinese, any person considered non-native to the Americas have been portrayed as sub-human and unworthy of settlement in Northern America. Deuteronomy and Jeremiah Throughout the Old Testament God entreats, His people to remember. To remember what it is to be enslaved. What it is to be free.These are the foundations of human nature. To suffer. To remember. To tell the story, lest it be forgotten. The verses from Deuteronomy remind the Jewish people of their once slavery to Egypt and their journey out of slavery. Neither of these experiences were not pleasant, however ultimately it is Gods faithfulness and grace that prevails through every tribulation. Jeremiah, is a bit more difficult to interpret, unless it is tied to the Kaballah. The Kaballah, entreats people to remember and live up to the best of the person who is gone from this world.In this context, the quote in Jeremiah makes a little more sense, again there is the promise of Adonai, to restore his people to their proper st atus. Conclusion I am reminded of the quote from Hosea 6. 1,2 Come, let us return to Adonai. He has rent us and he will heal us he has struck us and he will bind up our wounds. I do not know exactly why this verse brings me great, personal comfort. To me, it does not say to me that Adonai has caused the suffering, but that suffering has happened and that the passkey will restore my or your or our suffering and healing will occur.In being part of this course and participating in the Shoah project I feel as though any acquittance to humanity is a personal one. All of us are less when people are dehumanize and caused to suffer. I do not believe that the Shoah project is not just a trip to the past. It is removed more complicated and deserving of our attention. The world should continue to remember the suffering of a people still due to belief. it would be far better if such lessons prompted us to right the wrongs in this the 21st century. Our humanity causes us to be responsible to and for one another.

Hybrid Cars Essay Example for Free

cross Cars EssayAre crossbred railcars the answer? Author Jack R. Nerad explains to us in his book, The Complete Idiots Guide to Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Vehicles (Nerad, p. 5) that With the rising cost in gasoline costs, the loan-blend car has exploded into the fastest-growing section of the American car industry. With this alpha information we should all stop to ask ourselves why. Many individuals in our kingdom feel that from each one person must do their part in protecting our milieu.Not still has our population been more educated in recent years on environmental factors that can deflower our planet, but its clear that this impact has enlightened us to start making huge campaigns in becoming a part of the solution to save our planet. By using crossbreedization cars for transportation, we are each showing respect and concern for this problem. We learn from Authors Nick Yost and David Friedman (Yost Friedman, p.4) in the book The innate Hybrid Car HandbookA B uyers Guide that hybrid cars were first introduced to Americans in our recent history of transportation. When Japanese manufacturer Honda introduced its insight to the American motorists in December of 1999, it also ushered in a radically different concept in modern automotive transportation the hybrid car. Since this important date in history, hybrid cars are popping up in more and more places, prevalent and are even becoming more popular with movie stars and those who are wealthy.This proves the importance of the utilization of hybrid cars since most of these people can afford luxury vehicles and are using the alternative hybrid cars in their daily lives. Not only are they proving that driving hybrid cars are necessary in changing our ideas about the way we participate in taking care of our environment but they are demonstrating that hybrid cars are attractive and just as useful as other cars on the road.Everyone in our unpolished must take in as much information as possible a bout hybrid cars and spread the word that these vehicles should replace all other road vehicles. We can start by educating in our schools and communities where people can learn at an early age the incredible importance of changing our ship canal of thinking. Children will grow up with a better understanding of hybrid cars and be more talented to create and purchase them.With the education being spread and used by everyone in our country, it will be a sure way to express that we do care and our taking every single effort in changing over to hybrid cars. Although, it is virtually impossible to transform every American car over to hybrid in the next year, we can only take useful steps in making changes to better our own future and that of our descendents. Purchasing and driving hybrid cars are a marvelous sign that we are improving our ideas about the way we think about changing transportation and our environment to make things better.Hybrid cars are affordable and will even get chea per in the future as we learn to manufacture them for higher demands. We will witness a growing number of people acquire hybrid cars as we get used to the idea that they are popular and affordable to everyone in our country. graphic symbol Page Nerad, Jack R. 2007. The Complete Idiots Guide to Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Vehicles. Alpha Publishers. P. 15. Yost, Nick Friedman, David. 2006. The essential Hybrid Car Handbook A Buyers Guide. 2006. The Lyons Press. Edition 1. P.

Resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

Resistance of a outfit EssayWe undertook an testation to find the relationship mingled with safeguard and a duration of electrify. Equipment variable star resister, Wire 1m long, Digital voltmeter, Digital ammeter, 4 X 1. 5 cell, 1m ruler, Connecting telegrams. Method We collected our equipment needed and regulate it out as the circuit diagram below. I started by drawing out my passs table to set down my results on. The headers for the columns where as follows Length (cm), Current (A), Potential difference (V) and Resistance (I). At e genuinely 10cm we took a culture and entered it into our table. Some flickered between two values so I took two down. Starting at 1m and work down. On the s try out I started at 10cm and worked the other way to see whether it affected the results. When part the variable resistor we kept it on the minimum resistance throughout the experiment. While taking the results we had more than(prenominal) than ane result for the period and potential difference, which in turn caused some results to have more than superstar resistance value. Because of this I had to alter our table slightly during the experiment to moderate we took down all the results.To ensure the test was as fair as possible I repeated the test to ensure the experiment was fair and true. Looking at my results in the table they are very similar which proves that it was fair. Results These tables assign my results from the experiment and the sum for V I R First experiment Length (cm) Current (A) split second reading for (A) Potential difference (V) Resistance ? (I) Second result for (I).Second experiment Length (cm) Current (A) Second reading for (A) Potential difference (V) Second result for (V) Resistance ? (I) Second result for (I) Third result for (I) Fourth result for (I) I have drawn graphs for these results see appendix a and b.Analysis My results show that the resistant relates to the length of the wire used. As the online increases the potential difference does and the resistance decreases. As the length of wire is reduced the potential difference reduces and so does the current. There is a slight difference between our first and second experiment. Both graphs show that in that location is a definite pattern but there are some anomalies. The anomalies seem to be separate from the other results. But this anomalousness happened on both experiments on 60cm.There may be some other reason for this. I cannot see wherefore it should happen on both sets of results at the kindred measurement. Both graphs are similar and follow a very similar line. Graph A shows quite a square(a) line with only one less extreme unusual person where as graph B show a reasonably straight line with one major anomaly which stand out considerable from the rest. On both graphs the results work a wavelike form rather than a straight line. The results do to an bound follow Ohms law. On graph A, 4 of the p split up run on the same line, which agrees with Ohms law, and graph B 4 plots do the same.The second graph started at a lower current and potential difference but I have in mind it should be higher because of the use of the wire before which could have increased the temperature. On the second experiment there was more flickering on the ammeter and voltmeter, which caused the increase in the results. Although the flickering occurred it was constant. On table 1 the potential difference decreased in shorter stages that table 2. When plotting my results on a graph I had to let in an average from my results. Conclusion Current id the flow of electrons around the circuit this is pushed by voltage.The resistance tries to oppose it. This is likely from looking at our experiment results. The resistance stays constant as long as the division does not change its physical condition i. e. The wire does not get hot. George ohm was the first scientist to investigate this theory. The resistance is measured in Ohms Resistance at a constant temperature is proportional to potential difference. The relative coat of the voltage and resistance decides how bit the current will be. By increasing the voltage more current will flow but by increasing the resistance the current is less.This is shown in our results. Our results agree with the theory. 100cm of wire = little current but a lot of P. D = lots of resistance 10cm of wire = lots of current but little P. D = little resistance This shows the longer the piece of wire the more resistance Wires of different material have different resistance Copper wire I trade name wire V The graph shows above that cooper wire has a low resistance and is a good conductor. Steel has a higher resistance and a lower conductivity. Both wires have the same potential difference (voltage) across them. Wire A.I Wire B Wire C V As you can see above different wires have different resistance. Evaluation There were a few problems that occurred in our experiment such as the flickering of t he ammeter and voltmeter, which caused us to have to take more than one result. On both graphs there was an anomaly on 60 cm. There may be some other reason for this. Both graphs are very similar and follow a very similar line. Graph A shows quite a straight line with only one anomaly where as graph B show a straight line with one major anomaly which stand out considerable from the rest.On 60cm the potential difference increased on both sets of results. The temperature of the wire was not taken to see whether it had increased in temperature during the experiment. It does not show increased resistance on the second table, which was taken straight after the first experiment, which could have affected it. By taking the temperature of the wire on the same resistance for a period of time we could see how long it takes for the temperature to increase and in turn for the resistance to increase.This could help with evaluating our results and also time the experiment to see how long the wire had current flowing through it and then if it had increased in temperature. The results are reasonably reliable because the do to an extent obey Ohms law. I think the reason for the unreliability could have been because the wire had changed its physical condition (got hotter). To push our investigation we could go on and use a longer piece of wire 2m and also use different types of wire such as steel and copper.Change the temperature of the wire because wire that is colder is a go against conductor. I believe our results were reliable but need improving by the suggestions I have effrontery above.Bibliography Hodder and Stoughton AQA GCSE Physics Class notes CPG Revision and Practice Guide Alison Eatock GCSE Physics 30/11/03 Resistance of a wire 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student create verbally piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and magnetism section.

Charities Essay Example for Free

Charities EssayThe juristic definition of unselfishness has historic any(prenominal)y been more or less elusive and stands distinct from both understanding of charity in a general or touristy sense. As gentle Wright observed, in its legal sense the password charitable is a word of art, of slender and technical meaning1. Viscount Simmonds further remarked that, no comprehensive definition of legal charity has been given rough(prenominal) by legislature or in judicial utterance, there is no limit to the number and form of ways in which man will seek to gain his fellow men. The Preamble to the tender-hearted Uses Act 1601, also referred to as the Statute of Elizabeth I, contained a list of offers which were then regarded as charitable. It assumed a central role for the hails as a reference point or catalogue of accepted instances of charity until almost 300 years later when Lord MacNaughten in the Pemsel case, famously classified charitable objects into quadruplet principal divisions (i) trusts for the relief of poverty, (ii) trusts for the come alongment of education, (iii) trusts for the advancement of piety, (iv) trusts beneficial to the familiarity not falling under any of the preceding heads.These four heads of charity were used as reference whenever the inherent charitable nature of a enjoyment or institution was questi mavind until the Charities Act 2006 received royal assent. Section 2(2) of the 2006 Act now provides a modern statutory definition of charity by listing 13 descriptions of endeavors deemed charitable at legal philosophy. In order to be charitable, an organisation has to be established for matchless or more nominates deep down the descriptions recognize by the law of nature as heart-to-heart of beingness charitable, and for the in the public eye(predicate) benefit.Charity law in England and Wales has real within the context of the traditional monotheistic religions save it has embraced for many years rel igions other than Christianity and Judaism. In Bowman3, Lord Parker effectively held that it was not just the promotion of Christianity that would be recognised just that the Courts of this country were not precluded from large(p) effect to trusts for the purposes of religions which, however sacred they may be to millions of His Majestys subjects, either deny the truth of Christianity or, at any rate, do not accept some of its fundamental doctrines.Furthermore in the Commissions Scientology4 determination it was firmly established that The law does not prefer one religion to another(prenominal) and as surrounded by religions the law stands neutral5. The English courts have, for a long time, resisted closely defining what makes some belief ashess apparitional and others not.However in the Scientology case, the Commissioners accepted that there be various characteristics of religion which can be discerned from the legal authorities Belief in a god or a deity or imperative be ing R v Registrar General6 Two of the essential attributes of religion are faith and righteousness faith in a god and adoration of that god South Place Ethical Society7 To advance religion means to promote it, to spread the message ever wider among mankind to take some convinced(p) move to sustain and increase phantasmal belief and these things are done in a salmagundi of ways which may be comprehensively described as pastoral and missionary. United super C Lodge v Holborn BC8.Having considered these characteristics, the Commissioners concluded that the definition of a religion in English charity law was characterised by a belief in a supreme being and an expression of that belief finished worship. This definition is further refined in the 2006 Act where s2 (3) a gives a partial definition of the word religion.However, the law does not automatically recognise as a religion everything that may designate itself as a religion and there are some principles to which a purpose m ust conform if it is to be regarded as within the Charities Acts description of the advancement of religion. These general principles are collect from the common law of England and Wales but also take into account the body of law which has developed concerning the European Convention right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. As a general proposition, for its advancement to be capable of being charitable in this context, a religion should have a certain level of cogency, seriousness, tackiness and importance9.Also, in order to be charitable for the advancement of religion, the content of any system of faith and worship has to be of a verifying nature, impacting beneficially on the community. Sir John Wickens, V-C. in Cocks v Manners10 observed It is said, in some of the cases, that ghostlike purposes are charitable, but that can only be true as to apparitional run tending directly or indirectly towards the instruction or the edification of the publicHence, to be cha ritable a religious purpose has to be serious, tend directly or indirectly to the clean and spiritual rise of the public as well as being for the public benefit. In Holmes v Attorney General11 Walton J commented It is not for the benefit of the adherents of the religion themselves that the law confers charitable status, it is in the interests of the public. Hence, as a general proposition, in the case of charities for the advancement of religion the purpose must not simply be for the benefit of the followers of the particular religion. Formerly, the proposition stated that as between different religions the law stands neutral, but it assumes that any religion is at least likely to be better than none12.Plowman J in Re Watson13 considered a case for the publication and distribution of the fundamentalist Christian writings of an individual(a) where he quoted authority that the court does not prefer one religion or sect to another and said that where the purposes in question are o f a religious nature then the court assumes a public benefit unless the unconnected is shown. He then went on to say that the only way of disproving a public benefit is to show that the doctrines inculcated are adverse to the very foundations of all religion, and that they are subversive of all morality.However, that part of the judgment being inconsistent with the judgment of the court of appeal and opinions given by the shack of Lords in Gilmour v Coats, where it was held the question whether a trust is beneficial to the public is an entirely different one from the question whether a trust is for the advancement of religion, it is not regarded a binding.Since the Charities Act 2006, there is no longer any presumption that, because a purpose locomote within the description the advancement of religion, it is for the public benefit. Section 3(2) of the Act provides In determining whether the public benefit requirement is satisfied in relation back to any purpose, it is not to be presumed that a purpose of a particular description is for the public benefit. Hence, with the removal of the presumption and in the modern context the proposition may now be taken as meaning that advancing religion can be seen as a public smashing if such(prenominal) advancement can be demonstrated to be in relation to a system having a benign and positive content which is being advanced for the benefit of the public.Over the years, there are some purposes which, despite being beneficial and religious and indeed seriously religious, did not fall within the legal framework. For example, fostering occult piety, although being a religious legal action, is not a charitable purpose due to the absence of benefit to the public. In Cocks v Manners14 (supra) it was said that a voluntary association of women for the purpose of working out their own salvation by religious exercises and self-denial seems to have none of the requisites of a charitable institution. In the Re Joy15 case it was held that the real object contemplated by the testator was the non-charitable purpose of improvement of the membership of a nine by prayer.Further, in Re White16, it was held that a society for the promotion of private prayer and devotions by its own members and which has no wider scope, no public element, and no purpose of general expediency would not be charitable. Lord Simonds in the Gilmour17 case later confirmed the decision in Cocks v Manners and said that activities good in themselves but solely designed to benefit individuals associated for the purpose of securing that benefit, which may not have some repercussions or consequential effects beneficial to some surgical incision of the general community do not meet the prerequisites of a charitable institution. In Re Warres Will Trusts, on the matter of a retreat house, Harman J said Activities which do not in any way affect the public or any section of it are not charitable. pietistical contemplation and prayer are, no d oubt, good for the soul, and may be of benefit by some intercessory process, of which the law takes no notice, but they are not charitable activities. Thus, in Re Hetherington18 it was held that the celebration of a religious rite in private does not contain the necessary element of public benefit since any benefit of prayer or example is incapable of proof in the legal sense and any element of spiritual or moral improvement (edification) is limited to a private not public class of those present at the celebration. However, in the same case it was also held that the holding of a religious service which is open to the public is capable of conferring a sufficient public benefit because of the edifying and better effect of such celebration on the members of the public who attend. There are also other purposes related to religion whose pursuits have not been considered as charitable because the purpose itself is not exclusively charitable. For example a trust for Roman Catholic purpos es may not be for exclusively charitable purposes furthering the Roman Catholic faith19. Also a induct to an Anglican vicar of a parish for parochial institutions or purpose20 was not considered charitable. A bequest to an archbishop to be applied in any manner he might think better for helping to carry on the work of the Church in Wales21 is not charitable either and neither is a generally stated purpose for religious, educational and other parochial requirements22.On the other hand, In Re Schoales23, it was clarified that there is no distinction, from the point of view of validity as a acquaint for charitable purposes, between a gift to the Church of England and a gift to another Church. A gift for the general purposes of a particular church or denomination or faith community falls are considered in law as a gift which has to be applied only for such of its purposes as are for the advancement of religion for the public benefit, and hence charitable. As mentioned above, charitab le purposes require some promotion or advancement that is to spread its message ever wider among mankind to take some positive steps to sustain and increase religious belief24.Proselytising is one way of advancing religious purposes25 but it may raise public benefit issues if it breaks the law or results in harm or detriment. Therefore, it would not be compatible with public benefit principles for an organisation to seek to inhibit anyone from their rights of freedom of thought, conscience or religion (Article 9 ECHR) and to manifest or change such beliefs. This matter was considered in Kokkinakis v Greece26 and the court in considering attempts to forbid activities of a Jehovahs Witness confirmed that a democratic society has a plurality of beliefs and held that freedom to manifest ones religion includes the right to convince ones neighbor.But, the court drew a clear distinction between bearing Christian experience and improper proselytism by stating that the former was true evang elism and the latter representing a corruption or deformation of it. Furthermore, proselytising being unlawful in some countries, the Commission dealt with the issue of whether it was possible to recognise a religious purpose as charitable in England and Wales which is not charitable and may be illegal abroad in its annual report in 1993 which mentioned One should first consider whether they would be regarded as charities if their operations are confined to the United Kingdom.If they would, then they should be presumed also to be charitable even though direct abroad unless it would be contrary to public policy to recognise them. Hence, an organisation whose purpose is to proselytize, even if its activity is carried out internationally, may be charitable in England and Wales unless it causes harm or detriment which outweighs the public benefit. The blue Court considered the statement in the Sonsino case27 in 2002 and upheld it. However, it still remains unclear as to what the court s would rule contrary to public policy. Another way of advancing a religion would be by means of trade union movement pastoral work.However, where a charity is operating solely for the purpose of advancement of religion, then any layman pastoral work which it undertakes should be as a means of advancing the particular religion. A convent in Cocks v Manners28 was held charitable and there the nuns were engaged in exterior works (teaching the ignorant and nursing the sick) as part of their religious work.In the United Grand Lodge29 case, Donovan J said that taking positive steps to sustain and increase religious beliefs was something done in a variety of ways which can be comprehensively described as pastoral and missionary. More recently, the Pilsdon Community House, a religious community living according to Christian principles and giving practical help in cases of drug addiction, drink, having been in prison house or loneliness was considered in Re Banfield30. The court held that t he fact that a religious community makes its services available to those of all creeds and of none does not prevent it being a charity for the advancement of religion also that furthering the purposes of the community amounted to the advancement of religion.