Making Sense of DNA Backlogs. Evidence Backlog Epidemic Research Paper

Making Sense of DNA Backlogs. Evidence Backlog Epidemic - Research Paper Example Apart from the usual fingerprint analysis, the use of DNA evidence is employed in other relatable areas such as footwear evidence, accounting crimes, vein matching, glove-print analysis and body identification, among others. This means that the use of DNA evidence plays a pivotal role in crime scene investigations, analyzing trace evidence and skid marks. Nevertheless, despite the magnanimity that comes with the use of DNA evidence, the backlog epidemic that is constantly accosting it is undermining its usefulness. Several factors underpin the DNA evidence backlog, as shall be seen forthwith. The seriousness of the matter concerning DNA evidence backlog is compounded by the fact that cases are considered backlogged if 90 days elapse without the DNA evidence having been analyzed, or when the DNA evidence has not been subjected to analysis and the final report tabled before the agency that submitted the DNA evidence. Because of this, the DNA backlog can be split into: arrestee; casewor k; and convicted offender DNA backlog. The main cause of the buildup in coursework DNA backlog is the very nature of coursework DNA gathering exercise. Given that forensic evidence is herein gathered from crime scene, suspects and victims of crime before being taken to laboratory, processing this kind of evidence consumes time. This is because the evidence must be screened to establish the presence of biological materials. After the detecting the presence of biological material, the nature of the biological material must then be determined. Subsequently, the DNA testing begins. In the event that further complications are brought about by degrading and fragmenting of the DNA evidence from multiple victims or suspects, then more time will be required to solve the complication, and thereby making the process more protracted (Nelson, 2010). The foregoing is not the case with the arrestee and the convicted offender DNA which is less amenable to backlogs. This is because, in the arrestee and convicted offender DNA, there are identical media such as paper products which help in analyzing samples. At the same time, standardized collection methods are available to facilitate forensic laboratories to subject different samples to automated analysis at one go. Similarly, arrestee and convicted offender DNA evidence can be subjected to robotic platforms to process several score of samples in a 96-sample format. Additionally, unlike the case of casework DNA sample, the laboratory analyst needs not find the DNA sample amidst the evidence obtained. This means that the DNA evidence backlog

Banks and Credit System of Exchange Essay Example for Free

Banks and Credit System of Exchange Essay Definition of Banks—Banks are financial institutions that help people to save and borrow money.In a growing economy, the banks help to create a new pool of money to be ised for other economic activities.They complement the money or cash system of exchange with the system of credit. History of Banking in the Philippines During the pre-colonial period, Filipinos also saved and borrowed money, but usually this was done by families, relatives of tribal leaders.The oldest written relic of our precolonial past is the famous Laguna Copperplate inscriptin (LCI), which contains a record of a debt payment in 900A. D.It proves that we have a longt tradition of honoring our debts in our culture. Modern banking, as we know it, really began with the coming of the Europeans. The first credit organizations were the Obras Pias(pious work), created by the Spanish colonial government starting in the 16th century. It is interesting to know that the early Catholics in the Philippines were taught how to tithe(give 10 percent of income to the church).Thus, thye early church in the Philippines was able to collect a fund od money, and its growth and good works increased tremendously. The first general bank in Southeast Asia was the Banco Espaà ±ol-Filipino (now known as Bank of the Philippine Islands), which opened in 1851.It was given authority to issue bank notes.Soon, other banks were opened.The Catholic Church anf their trustees owned and operated most banks during the Spanish colonial period. During the American period, more banks began operations. In 1906, the government established postal savings banks all over the country to bring banking closer to the people.This Promoted the habit of thrift and savings among low-income groups. Now Americans, Chinese and Filipinos also entered the picture. In 1916 the philippine National Bank was organized. Other banks which followed were the China Banking Corporation and the Philippine Bank of Commerce.Before World War II there were 17 banks in the country. The PNB and Postal banks were owned by the Catholic Church and religious organizations, and two by Filipinos and others. The Japanese m,ilitary occupation in 1941-45 briefly restructed Philippine banking. Only Japanese and their Filipino sympathizers were allowed to operate banks. In 1946, after independence, the otigins of our modern banking system were established. Prewar banks were re-opened and resumed operations. The Central Banking Act was passed in 1948. Today, there are thousands of banks all over the country, and some Filipino banks have opened branches abroad. Tyhe Volume of banking services has also increased, as more and more services are being offered. Among these services are car loans, time deposits, automatic tellers, dreive-in windows, night depository, safe deposit boxes, payroll handling, automatic debits, and many more. KINDS OF BANKS There are different kinds of banks as follows: 1. Rural banks-These are located mostly in the countryside. The government encourages the establishment of these small banks in order to bring asavings and banking closer to people in the provinces. For example, a group may set up a rural bank with P20 million capital outside of metro Manila or cities; but p50 million is needed for a bank in the city. The main reason for rural banks is to help farmers with agricultural loans. In 1994, the Pagsanjan Rural Bank founded by Victor Zaide cabreza and Soledad Benitez Cabreza, won the award fo â€Å"Outstanding Rural Bank in he Philippines† 2. Savings and loan association—These small banks gather savings and invest them in long term securities, such as housing loans. A good example is the Monte de Piedad Bank. 3.Special government banks—The Philippine government established several bnks to handle specific duties involving its financial projects.For example, after the war, the Rehabilitation and Finance Corporation (RFC) was created to receive postwar reconstuction funds ang give financial aid to the war-damaged economy. The RFG eventually beame the Development bank of the Philippines (DBP). The Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) helps the government implement the land reform program. The Philippine Amanah Bank was organized in 1970s to cater for the growing economic needs of Muslim Filpinos. The government may also operate postal banks within selected post iffides around the country. Many small savers and children like to use postal banks because it is closer and more familiar to them. 4.Commercial banks—These make up the biggest banking group, and comprises nearly 50% of the total banking resources in the country. The main function of this type is to supply the circulating capital for the economy in the form of short-term loans.Example are the Philippine National Bank, Metrobank, BPI, FarEast Bank and Trust Company and others. 6.Universal Bank- Also known as a ful-service bank, a universal bank provides more servies than a commercial bank. Banks which have reached a capitalixation of P50 million or more can apply for a universal banking liscence. A universal bank can make more investments and lending.It can act as an investment house, a savings bank etc. It can invest directlyin private companies. Several banks are iniversal banks, starting with the Philipine National Bank, republic Planters Bank, United Cocunot Planters Bank, Allied Bank, PCIB, BPI, Far East Bank and Trust Company, and Metrobank. 6. international banks—As the name says international banks have operations in more than one country. Some Filipino bamks have branches in other countries, e.e. PNB, FEBTC, etc. Similarly, some foreign banks have branches in the Philippines, e.g. Hongkong ang Shanghai Chartered Bank, Citibank, Australia New Zealand, etc. Apart from the private banks, thee are government-owned banks, such as the International Bank for Reconstrucyion and Development (IBRD or World Bank) ased in Washington, D.C.; the Asian Development Bank (ABD) based in Metro Manila; the Bank of International Settkements (BIS) based in Basle, Switzerland. The Uses or Function of Banks The services of banks are: 1.To accept aand guard deposits of money.People go to a bank because they trust that their money will not be stolen inside.ThePhilippine Deposit Insurace Corporation (PDIC) encures each depositor’s money up to a limit. In case the bank closes doen or is robbed, the depositor will still get their money bacl up to a fixed limit. In turn, the bank keeps a written list of the deposit in a savings book, a monthly statement or a certificate . For the right to use the money, the banks pay interest. 2. to lend money. Banks led money to qualified clients. in this way, the bank earns interest and profits. loans are ofdifferent kinds: are short-term. Loans may also be typedaccording to purpose( car loan, housing loan, business loan etc.) This may be a property title, which the bank can get in case the loan is not paid. Next, bigl loans must have a co- signer or one who will guarantee to pay the loan if the borrower defaults 9faiks to pay). 3.To remit and collect money. Banks als transfer or collect money for clients. for example, overseas contract workers can send their remittances to family through a bank to be picked up in Manila by the relative. A businesman can pay for a supply ordered from abroad through a local bank which send the payment to the foreign supplier. Usually, a bank has a correspondent bank abroad in case it does not have branches ther. Banks accept checks, bank dreafts or telegraphic transfers from other banks, according to certain conditions. 4..To perform legal roles like supervising a business, managing a private

Periodic Self-Assessment Essay -- Psychology

As an aspiring clinical health psychologist, I realize increasingly the value of self-analysis. Conducting periodic self-assessment is a healthy activity as I evaluate my current state and where I want to be. Clinical health psychologists expend emotional and physical energy as they help others. Sometimes the daily strain of the job and stress that accompany the job can exhaust the clinical health psychologist both mentally and physically. Professionals cannot provide for clients if their own needs are not being met. Counselors of all theoretical orientations identify their own engagement in personal therapy with another professional as one of the most critical components to maintain their own professional balance and effectiveness (Orlinsky, Schofield, Schroder, & Kazantzis, 2011). The personal dispositions and behaviors that affect my mental and physical health are obvious. First, I have a tendency to be task oriented. This is a great quality when I am working on a doctorate, but is not always good for relaxing and enjoying time with my family. Second, my mind never seems to turn off. Sometimes, I become very engaged with difficult clients as I attempt to help them work through their difficulties and solve their problems. While my level of engagement is not inappropriate and I do not feel as though I have to fix the client, the level of expended emotional energy may not be appropriate outside of a session. Both of these personal attributes can create stress in my professional and private life. Additionally, my husband and I have six children. The oldest has mental health issues and although she lives alone, there are daily phone calls and regular emergency room visits when the medication levels are unbalanced. My youngest i... ... discuss my policy with them. To me, the questions I ask when considering any kinds of self-disclosure are (1) does this help my client, (2) can this harm my client, and (3) what are the negative repercussions that could come from disclosure? Because self-disclosure is rarely beneficial to a client, the answer to these three questions is usually â€Å"no.† References Orlinsky, D. E., Schofield, M. J., Schroder, T., & Kazantzis, N. (2011). Utilization of personal therapy by psychotherapists: a practice-friendly review and a new study. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 67(8), 828-842. doi:10.1002/jclp.20821 Taylor, L., McMinn, M. R., Bufford, R. K., & Chang, K. T. (2010). Psychologists’ attitudes and ethical concerns regarding the use of social networking web sites. Professional Psychology: Research And Practice, 41(2), 153-159. doi:10.1037/a0017996

Applying Leadership Theories Essay

According to Wikipedia, leadership has been described as â€Å"a process of social influence or persuasion by which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task†. Studies of leadership have produced theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision, values, charisma, and intelligence, among others. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership). There are various leadership theories that have been created that encompass how a leader relates to others within and outside of the educational organization. There a six that were specifically proposed by Martin, Wright, and Danzig (2003) that are appropriate when describing educational leaders. They are Directive, Participative, Collaborative, Coaching, Affiliative, and Laissez-Faire. A leader can possess all of these styles depending on the current situation. For example, a leader can use a Directive Approach when dealing with low assessment scores especially when being pressured from his or her superiors, when deadlines are not being met, or when a teacher or staff has neglected their duties. But also display a Participative or Collaborative style by taking input from others. The leadership style that is displayed can have a negative and positive influence on the school community and the organization. It is very important to understand the styles indivially and in detail to know which ones are more and less effective in your environment. The school where I currently work just received a new principal, but prior to her there was Principal R, who had inherited her position as the leader because her entire career was built at the school. She started off her teaching career there, three years later was advanced to Reading Coach, and then was assigned as Vice Principal. The Superintendent, formal principal, and others felt that she was the best fit for the job because of her years spent there and her experience as Vice Principal. Prior to her receiving the role of prinicpal, we were excelling in reading, writing, and mathematics. The principal prior to Principal R had moved us from a failing grade of an â€Å"F† to an excelling grade of an â€Å"A†. Principal R indeed knew the ends and outs of the school because she was trained and mentored by our previous principal, Principal P. Not knowing that once the school was completely turned over to Principal R, we will be on a descending trip to failure. Principal R took a Directive approach, very similar to the Autocratic Leadership Style. By her having experience, she insisted on doing it all herself even though she had an administration team which consisted of a vice principal, reading and math coach, and an ESE liaison. She felt that the ultimate decision in any situation should be hers regardless of whom or what it affected. Research states, that Autocratic Leaders often maintain authority by force, intimidations, threats, rewards, punishment, or position (http://ctb.ku.edu/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1122.aspx). If you challenged Principal R in any way, regardless of how simple or how large the issue may have been your evaluation would be affected. Principal R used this role for her own personal gains. Principal R had built many personal relationships prior to her taking on the leadership role, those relationships were soon affected when she became principal. Favoritism became a common word around the school. Things that we thought we would never get away with, was done often by the people in Principal R’s circle. This leadership style brought a negative image to the school. The morale went down and teacher’s lost their drive for teaching. Our school grade went from an â€Å"A† to a â€Å"C†, then to a â€Å"B† to an â€Å"F†. Principal R was transferred to another school where we hope her style would change for the benefit of the vision of the school. While under the leader of Principal R, we also had Vice Principal E, who was a very sweet person with more than 16 years of experience in the education field. Our school was labeled for having struggling readers which put more accountability upon the teachers. Regardless of what issues the st udents had years prior or even home structure that affected their abilities to read, we were held accountable for them if they were below average or even failing. Vice Principal E shared many strategies with us that were very beneficial to our students. Her education specialty was ESE and autism; we were able to use those same strategies to assist our students. Vice Principal E displayed a Coaching Leadership style also very similar to an Instructional Leadership style. Her main concern was teaching and learning and assist us in relaying information in a way that the students comprehended. Instructional leadership focuses on modeling, monitoring, professional dialogue and discussion (Bush, 2002). She mentored us on what routes we should use to assist our students. She increased our confidence and also our test scores. When the results came in and we seen how much gains our grade level had shown, Vice Principal E took no credit, even though it was all because of her. She remained in the mentor role and assisted us in anything we may have needed. Vice Principal E was surplused to another school due to budget issues and was missed dearly when she departed. We are currently under the leadership of Principal K, which is the true reason why I am pursing my master’s degree. Principal K is a new principal, but has 12 years experience as a vice principal in secondary education. Principal K is a true leader that models and motivates others to accomplish goals, while at the same time encouraging others to work toward their own professional goals. Principal K, came ready to work but with little knowledge of what direction to start. Principal K created groups of those teachers and staff, whom prior had experience at the school to assist her with understanding the vision and desegregating the data. Once Principal K understood the vision and the direction of where the school should be headed, she quickly took the Collaborative approach, also known as the Democratic Leadership style. She involved the faculty, staff, and stakeholders in the decision making process. Even though the final decision would be ultimately made by Principal K, she allowed everyone to be a part of the process. She allowed them to have the sense of belonging of being a part of the team. She encourages participation, values our opinions, group discussions, and motivates us to become leaders as well. Principal K’s leadership style provides direction and guidance. She states often that even though her title is principal her job description is to work for us and whatever we need to give the students a quality education, she will make sure it is provided. Overall, leadership styles is the manner and approach of providing direction, creating visions, implementing and acting on plans, and motivating people to excel beyond their comfort zone. Leaders styles will vary based on situations. A leader does not strictly lean toward one style, however one may seem to be dominate over another, but it all depends on the situation at hand. My goal is to use the styles that are most effective and meant to strengthen the performance of the teacher, staff and students and also the styles that will bring improvement on student achievement. References . http://ctb.ku.edu/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1122.aspx http://www.leadership-with-you.com/directive-leadership.html Bush, Tony 2003. Theories of Educational Management, 3rd edn. London: Sage.

Utilizing Leadership to Accomplish Successful Organization

Utilizing Leadership to Accomplish Successful Organizational Cultural Change The following paper will provide an in depth analysis as to the benefits associated with utilizing leadership to implement successful organizational change. The paper will outline and convey the importance behind effective leadership demonstration within the workforce environment.Along with this, the importance for instigating and culturing positive working relationships amongst employees, coupled with streamlined communication between staff and executive management is of the utmost importance. This paper will produce the direct correlations between innovative thinking and successful organizational cultural change, showing the importance of this relationship.The paper will reveal that the functional realities met by senior level leadership provide respective managers with access to information vital to the success of organizational change and therefore, are crucial to the drivers of change, seeking to influe nce middle level management and ground floor employees' willingness to accept change It is imperative that there is a thorough understanding as to what is needed to facilitate cultural change implementation, and hat leadership members convey these principles and strategic ideas accurately to their respective staff.Earning and retaining employee willingness to implement change is of the utmost importance as this will allow for more efficient change implementation, combined with a strategic organizational effort. Along with this, implementing streamlined communication amongst staff and managers provides a proactive approach in nullifying any potential impasse in the overall goal. Phalanx's article entitled, Cultural Revitalization Movements in Organization Change Management, outlines one of the most convincing case studies as it relates to what is added in implementing successful cultural change within an organization. 2005) Philae conveys a thorough understanding of why and how organ izational value systems change according to the model and furthermore outlines how management can successfully guide change in behavior. Along with this, strategic cultural change implementation is most efficient when management best understands the ultimate task at hand. Along with effective leadership demonstration, the need for building positive relationships amongst all parties when seeking cultural change is of the utmost importance.This can instigate trust and rapport between both employees ND management alike, allowing for streamlined communications. Bogart, Melville, and Wilkinson, outline the need for organizational leaders to facilitate the complexities of workforce relationships through the process of training and immersion. It is within these training principles that proper employee expectations can best be established. This then affords each employee the opportunity to fully understand their respective position within the workforce environment, which can then ultimately lead to an increase in employee sense of ownership.Positive reinforcement of applied training principles can double as a strategic catalyst for erect and coherent correlation between long-term, innovative thinking and cultural change within an organization. (Bright, Mink, & Owen, 1993) Highly efficient and successful organizations understand the need to adapt with change, and implement policies and procedures that will act as the catalyst for this change.Furthermore, proactively outlining and presenting a clear and concise program when seeking to implement cultural change proves to be advantageous in identifying the end result and then preventing any possible impasse in direction between management and employees. The principles of Total Quality Leadership, as outlined by W. Edwards Deeming, seek to identify an integrated philosophy of leadership and management that has been easily integrated amongst other organizations with a sufficient level of success.Continued education at the m anagement level can be advantageous in the construction of a new cultural philosophy within a respective organization. (Bonkers, 1992) This proves to be beneficial for all parties as it provides the organization with a leadership team that not only possess the intellectual capacity to facilitate change, UT also provides management, and in turn, their respective employees, a strategic opportunity to capture and utilize an educated skill set. There is a direct correlation between organizational leaders and human resource practices and how these components work together to implement organizational cultural change. Easterly- Smith & Salaam, 1994). Changing core values at the management level and implementing a top-down, coordinated effort by management to disperse the new value system throughout the organization can prove to be highly efficient and establishes a level of accountability for all employees. This hands on viewpoint streamlines communications between all parties within the o rganization, proactively nullifying any confusion related to change and also displays to employees that the change process is well thought out and highly organized.The functional realities floor employees' willingness to accept change. (SST-Amour, 2001). Providing leadership with sufficient information directly related to the organization's ability to successfully orchestrate cultural change within the workforce environment is crucial in formulating a change platform that can be duplicated throughout each respective vision within an organization. . In addition to the aforementioned, requiring leaders to think culturally and even employ cultural tools when seeking to implement successful cultural change within the organization provides for a broader viewpoint.Additionally, encouraging leadership to focus simultaneously on the systematic and structural changes, as well as the symbolic presence when identifying and using change triggers, can prove to produce highly efficient levels of change. (Brooks, 1997) Presenting management with planned, strategic change platforms, coupled with editorship's ability identify and cater to cognitive cultural thinking would be beneficial. Moving forward, managing cultural artifacts when seeking to implement cultural change is very important and should be done so with a direct understanding of the importance this brings.Cultural artifacts are found to be the history of the organization and can include components from social norms to strategic heroes that manage these cultural artifacts could prove to be problematic as these components are deeply rooted within the organization and could ultimately provide barriers that would stifle the change triggers. Team Based Cultural Change: A Case Study, presents 10 critical success factors resulting from a strategic, four-step, teamwork program that was designed to assist in cultural change. (Wellbeing 1992).Additionally, this provides the organization with a teamwork approach that sows tog ether the change process. This can prove to be advantageous in proactively preventing push back from employees as it relates to organizational change. Different than the aforementioned, Clausal takes a predominant approach directly related to employee empowerment within the organization and discusses how this relates with successful cultural change. (Clausal, 2004) This then demonstrates the value in using the company's respective employees to assist in instigating cultural change, seeking to utilize employee support to drive organizational values.This can behoove all parties involved as leadership can then provide additional focus towards facilitating the continued change model. In conclusion, it is imperative that there is a thorough understanding as to what is needed to facilitate cultural change implementation, and that leadership members convey these principles and strategic ideas accurately to their respective staff. Implementing streamlined communication amongst staff and man agers provides a proactive approach in nullifying any potential impasse in the overall goal.Additionally, earning and retaining employee willingness to implement change is of the utmost importance as this will allow for more efficient change implementation, combined with a strategic organizational effort. Recommendations would include implementation of streamlined communication strategies between ground floor employees, divisional leaders, and executive management. This would allow for real time problem solving and a proactive solution to strategic organizational change implementation.

What Is (and Isnt) on the AP Statistics Formula Sheet

What Is (and Isn't) on the AP Statistics Formula Sheet SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're going to be taking the AP Statistics exam, you're in luck! During the test, you'll have access to a formula sheet that has many useful equations. However, you need to know exactly what's on the AP Statistics formula sheet and how to use it before test day in order for it to be helpful. In this guide, we go over everything you need to know about the AP Stats formula sheet. We'll explain the exact equations that it includes, show you what the formula sheet looks like, go over a few important equations it doesn't contain, and give you tips on how to get the most out of it. What's on the AP Statistics Formula Sheet? The AP Stats formula sheet is actually three pages of statistics formulas that you'll be given on test day. The formulas will be at the beginning of both the multiple-choice and free-response sections of the test, so you'll have access to them for the entire AP exam. That's great because that means you don't need to memorize any of these formulas! What's on this AP statistics cheat sheet? You can see exactly what the formula sheet will look like here as well as below. The formula sheet has three sections, and each section takes up one page. Below are screenshots of the formula sheet, along with a list of the equations it includes (ordered from the top of the sheet to the bottom of the last page). Descriptive Statistics Formulas Sample mean Sample standard deviation Pooled sample standard error Simple linear regression line Regression coefficient Regression slope intercept Sample correlation coefficient Regression coefficient Standard error of regression slope Probability Formulas Rule of addition Rule of multiplication Expected value of $X$ Variance of $X$ Binomial formula Mean of binomial distribution Standard deviation of binomial distribution Mean of sampling distribution of the proportion Standard deviation of sampling distribution of the proportion Mean of sampling distribution of the mean Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean Inferential Statistics Formulas Standardized test statistic Confidence interval Standard deviation of sample mean Standard deviation of proportion Standard deviation of difference of sample means Standard deviation of difference of sample proportions Chi-square test statistic What Isn't on the AP Statistics Reference Sheet That You Should Know? The AP Statistics formula sheet contains pretty much all the equations you need to know for the exam, but there are some equations they've left out that may come in handy on test day. Below are the most important of these. Be sure to memorize them because they won't be listed on the AP Stats formula sheet! Descriptive Statistics Interquartile Range The interquartile range, or IQR, is the middle 50% of values when ordered from lowest to highest. The IQR is the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles, or the first quartile subtracted from the third quartile. The IQR is used to show dispersion, and it can be a useful way to describe the data in boxplots, histograms, scatterplots, etc. The equation is IQR = Q3-Q1 You can also use IQR to determine if an outlier exists. A commonly used formula is if a data point is more than $\bo 1.5*$IQR above Q3 or below Q1, then it's an outlier. Residuals The residual (e) is the difference between the observed value of the dependent variable ($y$) and the predicted value ($Ã… ·$). It's used in regression analysis. Each data point has one residual. The formula looks like this: $\bi e \bo= \bi y \bo - \bi Ã… ·$ Both the sum of the residuals and the mean of the residuals are equal to zero, or $ÃŽ £ e = 0$ and $e = 0$. Probability Bayes' Theorem Bayes' theorem is useful for calculating conditional probabilities. You'll use conditional probability when trying to find the probability of an event given that another event has already occurred. Conditional probability questions usually follow a format similar to "Given $x$, what is the probability that $y$ occurs?" Use Bayes' theorem to solve them. Bayes' Theorem: $P(A | B) = {P(B | A) * P(A)}/{P(B)}$ Tips for Getting the Most out of the AP Stats Formula Sheet As you can see, the AP Statistics formula sheet can be very useful during the exam since it helps you avoid memorizing long lists of equations. There are some tips to getting the most out of it though, and we go over the three most important in this section. #1: Know How to Use the Formulas It seems like obvious advice, but it's very easy to take a glance at the AP Statistics cheat sheet and move on, knowing you'll have it with you on the test. However, test day is not when you want to be trying to understand what the different formulas mean or how to use them. If you go into the AP exam not sure of what's on the formula sheet, you'll lose tons of valuable time searching for the right equations and struggling with how to use them properly. Well before exam day, be sure to go through every formula on the sheet and make sure you understand it and know how to use it. The College Board includes each of these formulas because they think they're necessary for doing well on the AP Statistics exam, so you should trust them and make sure you know them! If you're not sure how to use some of the equations, here's a helpful site that goes over what each of the formulas is used for. #2: Know Calculator Shortcuts You're allowed a graphing calculator for the entire exam, and you should take advantage of some of the nifty things it does. Calculator shortcuts can save you precious time on the test by quickly solving certain AP Statistics equations and finding pieces of data. They also give you a way to check your work for some problems. Stanford has a handy list of calculator shortcuts you can use with your graphing calculator. There are two caveats though. First, don't become so dependent on your calculator that you forget how to solve the equations on your own or the logic behind them. Second, you should use calculator shortcuts primarily for the multiple-choice section of the test, where you just have to select the correct answer choice. For the free-response section of the exam, you'll need to show all the work you did for each question, and simply writing which shortcut you plugged into your calculator won't cut it. Use the shortcuts primarily to check your work on free response. #3: Take Practice Tests With the Formula Sheet Answering practice questions and taking practice tests using the AP Statistics formula sheet is also key to doing well on the exam. You should take several practice AP tests before the actual exam, and for each of them you should use the official AP Statistics formula sheet. Your teacher will also likely give you a copy of the formula sheet for your in-class exams, so you can get some practice in there too. If you need help finding practice tests, check out our guide specifically on where to find the best AP Statistics practice questions and tests. Summary: Using the AP Statistics Formula Sheet The AP Statistics reference sheet can be a big help during the exam, but only if you already know what's on it and how to use it. The formula sheet is actually three pages that contain useful equations in descriptive statistics, probability, and inferential statistics. While this AP Statistics cheat sheet doesn't contain everything you need to know, it does include many key AP Statistics equations that you'll need to use on the test. In order to get the most out of your AP Stats formula sheet, make sure you know all the formulas, pick up some useful calculator shortcuts, and be sure to take some practice tests with the AP Statistics reference sheet. What's Next? Looking for more AP Statistics prep? Check out our ultimate guide to the AP Statistics exam to learn everything you need to know to ace the test. How's your grasp on calculating significance? Brush up on your t-tests and how to calculate statistical significance here. Practice tests are key to preparing for AP Statistics. Our guide has links to all the best AP Stats practice tests so you can put your formula sheet to use! How many AP classes should you take? Get your answer based on your interests and your college goals. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Research Paper on Crime

Research Paper on Crime Introduction What is the main cause of crime and its imperative relationship to poverty? Such a question at first may seem unanswerable because we could never pin point the exact cause of such worldwide problems. Crime and poverty have been around from time was time and there is no doubt that crime is on the increase not only in the world but also in Belize. During these past years, Belize has been infested with an outbreak of crime and violence and it appears to be at its peak. And the reason for this is many, for instance, the principal and most evident of them all would be the increasing rate of poverty that Belize has been experiencing owing to the vast opening in the midst of the poor and the rich that appears to be widening on a daily basis rather than closing up. The poor people of Belize see no other means to endurance and to stay alive and feel that they must resort to their last alternative, stealing, the most commonest form of crime found in Belize. Adding to this would be the high rate of unemployment that exists in our society mainly brought about by lack of education. So again, the only way for the uneducated, unemployed, and poor people to outlive such a way of living is once again resorting to a world of crime. Nevertheless, although there are many who see crime as a means of survival there are others who indulge in criminal acts for mere fun. For instance, those who are members of the call color gangs, choose to live a life of crime and violence because they believe it is cool to be bad. This gang problem has been triggered by the American television and their way of life, because by watching television we see how the American carry out their lives and we imitate them and do the same. So crime in Belize has reached its high point and the cause are many, but do we stop to ask, what is the solution to such problems? And do we really take time out to really answer the question? And if we do, do we find methods or means to deal with the problem? There are solutions to any problem and the solution to crime is no exception. Crime in Belize has gone beyond our reach because we have let it slip, this is so because we allow criminals to get away with criminal acts. There is a need to implement more severe punishments to crimes committed so as to set examples for other criminals who have not reached to an ex5reme, the laws need to be revised and be placed in enforcement and this can only be done by more police action. There is a need to educate the Belizean children and lead them to a better life, take them off the streets and teach them right from wrong. There is also a need to alleviate poverty so as to lower the high percentage of violence and crime both in urban and rural areas of Belize because by alleviating these problems there would be less criminals resorting to stealing as a means of survival. Therefore, one way of trying to solve or alleviate the problem is by being a united country and by voicing our opinions to those who can truly help make a difference; like the lawmakers and politicians. What is Crime? When you think of crime and criminals, you probably think of the dangerous looking characters you see played on television or in the movies. But there are lawbreakers like these in real life, too, and you read about their crimes every week in the newspaper. What exactly, is a crime then? A crime is any act, which breaks the law or fails to obey some requirement of the law. According to this definition, anyone who smokes in a bus or breaks a traffic regulation is guilty of committing a crime. These minor crimes are called misdemeanors. More serious crimes are called felonies. Felonies include all crimes that are punishable by more than a year in jail. Types of Crimes Crime has been on the increase in Belize, as in all countries of the world. In these past years, we have seen an increase in all types of crime. For example, crimes of violence, which are crimes committed against persons. Murder, one of the most serious crimes of violence and one of the major ones that have been seen for through the past years, especially among gang members. Aggravated assault is another form of crime that has to do with any kind of physical injury that is done intentionally to another person. There are also crimes against property, theft or stealing that are among the most common crimes committed in Belize. Associated with above mentioned is robbery, where property is taken from someone by causing him to fear for his life or by threatening him with violence. Another form of this already mentioned crime is burglary, where the entering of a home with the intention to steal. Crime and its Causes It is shocking to see that young people commit the highest percentage of crime. Evidence shows that most people arrested for crimes each year are between the ages of 18-25 or sometimes even younger. So then, the questions come up, why are young people lawbreakers? What cusses them to commit criminal acts? It is obvious that all the reasons are not certain because young people are many times hard to understand, thus, it is difficult to find out what makes them behave as they do. But according to experts’ world wide, who for many years have studied the problem, there are many things that bring about or that seem to give grounds to youngsters indulging in criminal acts. For instance, the primary reason that should be taken into consideration is poor home conditions, which play a part in the cause of young criminals. Many young criminals come from homes where parents may take no responsibility for their children. In such homes, the parent may not get along well together, and they may show little concern for the welfare and education of their children. The great numbers of slum areas in our country, mainly the city, often have a high rate of criminal activity. Places where families are crowded together in unpleasant dwellings, young people are most likely to get into trouble. Sometimes, their actions are simply a search for thrills and adventures. There are many who break the law really as an attempt to get even with the society for the kind of life they have to endure in the slums. To add to this, and also sharing the primary cause would be would be a means to survival. Many people who live in poor conditions sometimes have no other way of maintainin g their homes so they resort to stealing. They are of the opinion that the only way to survive the day to day hardship is to indulge in a life of crime and one of the main reasons for their behaviors are the law of employment. Unemployment play a massive role in the cause of crime because the people feel that if they can no9t work to sustain themselves they must steal in order to keep their selves and their families surviving. Therefore, the poor home conditions and the feeling of survival is one of the main causes of crime in our country just as it is for most of the other countries in the world. Another reason that encourages crime in our country is membership in gangs. Many young people who get into trouble with the law are or have some relationship with gangs or gang members. For many young men, in particular, crime is likely to be a gang activity, just as important as the money they obtain by stealing is the thrill that they get in challenging the police. A young member of a gang may feel that he must prove to his other gang members that he is brave by risking the chances of getting caught in order to gain respect among his gang members. Many join gangs so as to feel protected and to feel that they belong because to them a gang means family, the major or two most known gangs in Belize are the crips represented by the color blue and the bloods represented by the color red. For many years there has been a constant feud between these two gangs and such feud has brought about blood shed and left many wounded. Many of these gang members are responsible for a high percentage of crimes committed in our society because their daily means of living exist mainly on stealing to get money. Not to say that these are the only two gangs that exist in our country because this is not so there are others that have given rise through the years, there are others found in our districts but none more notorious than crips and the bloods. In adding to this, it can be said that gangs are influenced mainly by American television, our young people see the violence and wrong doings portrayed by young Americans and feel that they need to do the same to be cool and bad. And to conclude the issue of gangs, it takes a person of strong character to break away from a gang when he/she becomes involved in criminal acts. Similar to gang members or related to gangs are students who drop out of school who get involve in crime and most of the time in gangs. School dropouts are many times not necessarily headed for lives of crime, but many times it is seen that those who do not finish high school are more likely to become members of gangs or mere criminals. Being absent and skipping classes is often one of the signs of a possible delinquent. The schools drop out who is not able to get a decent job and who spends his day in idleness is likely to get into trouble with the law. And in Belize especially in the city we can see a lot of dropouts who just hang out on street corners doing nothing and many times become members of gangs. The use of alchol and drugs often or most of the time contribute to crime. Almost every country in the world, including Belize has laws forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 or 21 years of age. All countries forbid the sale of habit-forming drugs to anyone unless approved by a doctor. Yet, criminals break the law and sell drugs to young people. So, we might ask our selves, how does drug relate to criminal activity? There are three kinds of relationship: psychopharmacological, economic-compulsive, and systemic. A psychopharmacological relationship exists when someone commits a crime because of some drug induced change in mood or physiological function, it is also implied when a drug increase impulsivity. Economic-compulsive reasons involve committin a crime to obtain money to buy drugs. Systemic reasons involve drug related drive by shootings, rip offs of buyers and sellers, murders to eliminate rivals, and bribery or perjury to avoid conviction. In belize we see the three inds of relationship in our society giving most concern to the economic-compulsive reason. Although, many murders throught the past year have been committed due to systemic reasons,  where members of gangs and drug trafficers have murdered people who have in some way muddle in their deals. And there are also many crimes committed by people who were under the effect of some drugs.